In this paper, a number of indicators are shown to measure economic efficiency in terms of circular economy (CE). The European Union affirms the need for a comprehensive model of indicators relating to CE in order to meet the needs of all participants (individual companies and industry, society, and the nation), to be based on three perspectives: environmental impact, economic benefit, and resource scarcity. Therefore, the objective of this work is to define these indicators and establish models for measuring the efficiency of processes and products of CE (through Data Envelopment Analysis, (DEA)) in its different manifestations. The models will be useful for both organizations and external users in relation to CE in order to facilitate the search for indicators for all users. Following the bibliographic review of official reports and different high impact works, our results demonstrate the ability to obtain information concerning the main indicators of CE and how the efficiency of CE models has been measured through the most frequently used inputs and outputs.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to produce a general Balanced Scorecard (BSC) model that is designed and delimited for managing research and development (R&D) activities.Design/methodology/approachA methodology based on the validity of content of an instrument of measurement, within the analytical framework of the validation of scales or constructs was employed.FindingsThe BSC model for R&D developed in this study has been subject to testing with recognised experts in management and in R&D. It has enabled a proposal to be put forward in respect of those indicators that best define the factors related to organisational effectiveness in the achievement of the strategic objectives set by companies, and to inter‐relate them and group them under five broad perspectives of the BSC.Research limitations/implicationsThe BSC will be validated as a construct in future research.Practical implicationsThe result is the design of a scale of measurement that ranks the empirical indicators under the perspectives of the BSC; for the measurement of results, this instrument will provide unique values that group all the previous indicators in a single scale of measurement.Originality/valueNo studies dealing with the content validation of a BSC have been found in the literature on innovation.

The overall purpose of this paper is to analyse the content validity of a tool for measuring research and development (R&D) effectiveness in industry using an approach known as scale or construct validation.Since a large number of indicators is needed in order to measure this concept, and it is often difficult to find qualitative measures that would provide more information than quantitative measures or purely numerical magnitudes, we have constructed a scale that enables us to create a multiindicator to measure R&D inputs, processes, outputs and results. This multiindicator also enables us to group together all the relevant data obtained from the R&D management literature, which we then validate by consulting the opinion of experts from two firms that are very active in R&D and we have consulted two more nationally recognized Spanish researchers on R&D.

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