Big Five personality traits were analyzed in relation to career decidedness among adolescents in middle and high school. Participants were 248 7th-grade, 321 10thgrade, and 282 12th-grade students. As hypothesized, Conscientiousness was positively and significantly correlated with career decidedness in all three grades. Openness and Agreeableness were found to be positively related to career decidedness for these middle and high school students. Emotional Stability was positively, significantly related to career decidedness for the 12th-grade sample. There were no significant differences in correlational results for males versus females. No significant mean differences in career decidedness were observed between the three grades. Results are discussed in terms of implications for future research and career development efforts.
This study examines the efficacy of neurofeedback training in the cognitive division of the anterior cingulate gyrus and describes its relationship with cortical regions known to be involved in executive functions. This study was conducted with eight non-clinical students, four male and four female, with a mean age of twenty-two. Learning occurred in the ACcd at significant levels over sessions and in the anterior regions that receive projections from the AC. There appears to be a multidimensional executive circuit that increases in the same frequency in apparent synchrony with the AC and it may be possible to train this sub-cortical region using LNFB.
Introduction:This study examines the effect of LORETA (low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography) neurofeedback training (LNFB) in three regions of interest; a 7 voxel cluster of neurons in the cognitive division of the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC), a threevoxel cluster of neurons in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and a five-voxel cluster of neurons in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (RPFC). We trained participants to increase 14-18 Hz activity in each of the regions of interest (ROI) over twenty sessions.
Methods:This study was conducted with fourteen non-clinical students with a mean age of 22. We utilized electrophysiological measurements and subtests of the WAIS-III for pre and post measures to assess the influence of this training protocol.
Results:The data indicate significant differences in activation patterns within these regions and throughout the cortex. More specifically the data indicate that the AC shares a significant association with the RPFC and LPFC; however, each region exhibits different cortical effects when trained exclusively.
Discussion:Rather then increasing current density selectively in the training region and in the trained frequency, LNFB seems to enhance the functioning of a network of cortical functional units physiologically related to the training region, involving several frequencies possibly associated with the functioning of the network. The AC and RPFC appear to influence a specific frontal circuit in the trained frequency as compared to the LPFC. The AC initiates regions that do not appear to be affected by either of the other ROIs. The data offer further support to the moderation of the central executive by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, particularly in the right hemisphere and AC; as a consequence of the neurofeedback training we observed significant improvements in both working memory and processing speed.
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the subjective experience of college students in leadership. Six participants, 4 females and 2 males, from a large, southeastern university were interviewed regarding their experiences; each response was transcribed and thematically analyzed to identify a perceptual background, as well as prominent figural themes through which the participants' experiences could be described. Three interrelated themes, people, action, and organization emerged from the ground of positive experience. Through examination of students' experiences in leadership roles, aspects of motivation, skills-building, and interacting personality variables may be more specifically targeted for future investigation.
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