Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus (CDI) is due to deficient synthesis or secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as arginine vasopressin peptide (AVP). It is clinically characterised by polydipsia and polyuria (urine output > 30 mL/kg/day) of dilute urine (< 250 mOsm/L). It is the result of a defect in one of more sites involving the hypothalamic osmoreceptors, supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, median eminence of the hypothalamus, infundibulum or the posterior pituitary gland. A focused MRI pituitary gland or sella protocol is essential. There are several neuroimaging correlates and causes of CDI, illustrated in this review. The most common causes are benign or malignant neoplasms of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (25%), surgery (20%), head trauma (16%) or familial causes (10%). No cause is identified in up to 30% of cases. Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal axis is crucial when evaluating a patient with CDI. Establishing the aetiology of CDI with MRI in combination with clinical and biochemical assessment facilitates appropriate targeted treatment. The aim of the pictorial review is to illustrate the wide variety of causes of CDI on neuroimaging, highlight the optimal MRI protocol and to revise the detailed neuroanatomy and neurophysiology required to interpret these studies.

• Axillary ultrasound +/- sampling is an essential technique in preoperative axillary staging. • Axillary ultrasound findings correlate with final histological axillary node disease burden. • Axillary ultrasound can help triage patients who require axillary lymph node dissection. • The role of axillary ultrasound in breast cancer staging continues to evolve.

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Musculoskeletal radiology's role in the recent and continued evolution of sports medicine is an exciting and expanding one. In this article we explore a variety of the ways that musculoskeletal radiology contributes to current practices in modern sports medicine, discussing advances across a variety of imaging modalities in the care of both elite athletes and so-called weekend warriors. We describe the technical and ethical factors pertaining to image-guided therapeutic intervention in athletes and speculate on the potential for future developments in the role of imaging in deciding when an athlete may return to participation. We also explore the recent shift to the delivery of imaging facilities at sporting events and in stadiums.

The mobile bearing Oxford Unicompartmental Knee Prosthesis (OUKP) is the most commonly used treatment of osteoarthritis confined to 1 compartment of the knee. Dislocation of the mobile bearing is an uncommon but recognized complication of the OUKP. Patients typically present with severe pain and reduced range of motion of the affected knee. Radiological evaluation of OUKP can be challenging and requires knowledge of the prosthesis components and common complication patterns. Dislocation of the bearing can easily be overlooked on plain radiographs as the bearing is radiolucent, distinguished only by radiopaque markers. Further imaging in particular with CT may be required to adequately evaluate for prosthesis complications. Advances in prosthesis design and surgical technique may reduce the rate of bearing dislocation.

Background Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) is an effective treatment for uterine leiomyomata. Optimizing the choice of embolic agents is imperative to achieve better patient outcomes with maximum resource utilization. Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of trisacryl gelatin microspheres (TAGM) versus combined TAGM and gelatin sponge (GS) embolization in the treatment of symptomatic uterine leiomyomata. Material and Methods Between July 2007 and December 2010, 106 consecutive patients underwent UFE with TAGM. Between January 2011 and December 2016, 123 consecutive patients underwent UFE with a combination of TAGM/GS. The primary outcomes were successful infarction rate (≥90% infarction) of the dominant leiomyoma and percentage reduction in uterine and dominant leiomyoma volume on MRI at six months. Secondary outcomes included adverse event rates, pain scores, and change in clinical symptoms at six months. The embolic agents utilized per procedure were recorded and a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed. Results Baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. Successful infarction was achieved in 93.2% of the TAGM group and 94.6% of the TAGM/GS group ( P = 0.52). Reduction in uterine volume (TAGM 40.7%, TAGM/GS 44.4%, P = 0.16) and dominant leiomyoma volume (TAGM 47.6%, TAGM/GS 50.1%, P = 0.29) at six months was similar. No significant difference was observed in symptom improvement at six months ( P = 0.8). The mean number of TAGM vials utilized and cost per procedure was 6.3 and $1688.40 for TAGM embolization and 3.6 and $979.50 for TAGM/GS embolization, respectively. Conclusion Primary and secondary outcomes were comparable when performing UFE with TAGM versus combined TAGM/GS. The combined use of TAGM/GS reduced the mean cost of embolic agents by 42%.

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