Aim of the study: The aim was to evaluate the effects of two LED devices, TL-01 and TL-03 in photodynamic therapy (PDT), on Enterococcus faecalis and on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). TL-01, characterized by a single emitter, irradiates one periodontal site at a time, whereas the multi-led device (TL-03) irradiates all vestibular sites of a single arch at a time. Methods: E. faecalis bacterial suspensions and HGFs were incubated for 45 min with Aladent gel (ALAD) containing 5-aminolevulinic acid and then exposed to LED devices (ALAD-PDT), having different distance and timing of irradiation (TL-01 N (0.5 mm, for 7 min), TL-03 N (0.5 mm, 15 min) and TL-03 F (30.0 mm, 15 min)). For bacterial suspension, the colony forming units and the live/dead staining were evaluated after 24 h, while the protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) content was monitored in all phases of the experimentation. For HGFs, the cell viability, proliferation, cell morphology, and adhesion were evaluated at 24 h. Results: Both TL-01 and TL-03 showed a significant reduction of bacterial load. The photoinactivation was inversely proportional to the PpIX accumulation. TL-01 and TL-03 promoted proliferation and adhesion of HGFs. Conclusions: Both tested devices for ALAD-PDT were equally effective in significantly reducing Enterococcus faecalis growth and in promoting HGFs proliferation and adhesion, in vitro.
Biphosphonates are largely used for their unquestionable properties of inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts in the treatment of various osteometabolic illnesses such as osteoporosis, multiple myeloma, tumors which metastasize to the bone and malignant hypercalcemia. In this literature review the physico-chemical properties, biologic activities and the mechanisms of action of biphosphonates are described. The use of these drugs is discussed, analyzing the quantity of results which have emerged through in vitro and in vivo experiments on animal models. In this study the efficiency of these drugs is demonstrated in contrasting the osteolitic processes of the alveolar bone, in promoting the neoformation and in bettering the quality of bone implants. However, it is important to draw attention to a worrying correlation which has emerged during the last 3-4 years, between osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) and the systemic administration of aminobiphosphonates. This collateral effect did not emerge following the use of non-aminobiphosphonates. The aim of this review is to identify the guidelines for the use of biphosphonates in oral implant surgery.
The present study aims to discuss the main factors involving the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid together with red LED light and its application in endodontic treatment through a narrative review and a case report. Persistence of microorganisms remaining on chemical-mechanical preparation or intracanal dressing is reported as the leading cause of failure in endodontics. Photodynamic therapy has become a promising antimicrobial strategy as an aid to endodontic treatment. Being easy and quick to apply, it can be used both in a single session and in several sessions, as well as not allowing forms of microbial resistance. 5-aminolevulinic acid in combination with red LED light has recently been studied in many branches of medicine, with good results against numerous types of bacteria including Enterococuss faecalis. The case report showed how bacterial count of CFU decreased by half (210 CFU/mL), after 45 min of irrigation with a gel containing 5% of 5-aminolevulinic acid compared to the sample before irrigation (420 CFU/mL). The subsequent irradiation of red LED light for 7 min, the bacterial count was equal to 0. Thus, it is concluded that the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid together with red LED light is effective in endodontic treatment.
Background: In this ex vivo study, the aim was to evaluate the effects of ALAD and red light on Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals using a special intracanal fiber. Methods: A total of 70 extracted, single-rooted teeth were used. The teeth were decoronated at the length of the roots to approximately 15 mm and then instrumented. The apical foramen was sealed by composite resin, and the root canals were infected with a pure culture of E. faecalis ATCC 29212 for eight days at 37 °C. Following the contamination period, the roots were divided into seven groups, including the positive and negative control groups, and treated as follows: ALAD 45 min; red light activation 7 min; ALAD 45 min and red-light activation 7 min; sodium hypochlorite 2.5% 15 min; sodium hypochlorite 1% 15 min. The samples were taken by three sterile paper points, transferred to tubes containing 1 mL of PBS, and immediately processed for the number of colony-forming units and the cell viability by using live/dead. Results: The best treatment is obtained with 2.5% NaOCl. Except for ALAD + red light vs. 1% NaOCl, a statistically significant difference is recorded for all treatments. The combination of 2.5% NaOCl and ALAD + 7 min irradiation produces an evident killing effect on the E. faecalis cells. On the other hand, 1% NaOCl is ineffective for the viability action, with 25% of dead cells stained in red. Conclusions: This ex vivo study shows that ALAD gel with light irradiation is an efficacious protocol that exerts a potent antibacterial activity against E. faecalis in infected root canals.
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