Flame retardants have important theoretical research and applied value for lithium-ion battery safety. Microcapsule flame retardants based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) were synthesized for application in lithium-ion batteries. First, the ATH–APP was prepared by coating a layer of ATH on the surface of the core APP. Then, the ATH–APP was encapsulated by poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) to obtain en-ATH–APP. The structure and flame-retardant property of en-ATH–APP, the influence of en-ATH–APP on the thermal stability of the electrode, and the electrochemical performance of the battery were studied. The results of Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscope experiments indicated that APP was coated with ATH and PUF in turn. The results of differential scanning calorimetry and the fire extinguishing test for electrodes manifested that en-ATH–APP had better flame-retardant property than APP because of the synergistic effect between APP and ATH. Moreover, the flame-retardant efficiency of en-ATH–APP was comparable to that of ATH–APP, indicating that the presence of PUF had almost no effect on the flame-retardant property. The results of electrochemical experiments indicated that en-ATH–APP had the best electrochemical compatibility for the battery compared with APP and ATH–APP. The research lights the way to improve inherent safety of lithium-ion batteries by adding en-ATH–APP to the cathode.
The thermal degradation behaviors and reaction kinetics of medical waste infusion bag (IB) and nasal oxygen cannula (NOC) were investigated under inert atmosphere with the heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 25 K·min−1. Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Friedman were employed to estimate the activation energy. Coats–Redfern and Kennedy–Clark methods were adopted to predict the possible reaction mechanism. The results suggested that the reaction mechanism of IB pyrolysis was zero-order, and that of NOC pyrolysis was concluded that zero-order for the first stage and three-dimensional diffusion Jander equation for the second stage. Based on the kinetic compensation effect, the reconstructed reaction models for IB and NOC pyrolysis were elaborated by introducing adjustment functions. The results indicated that the reconstructed model fitted well with the experimental data. The results are helpful as a reference and provide guidance for the determination of IB and NOC degradation behaviors and the simulation of parameters.
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