No abstract

This paper investigates the effect of absolute deprivation (proxy unemployment) and relative deprivation (proxy income inequality) on homicide levels in Brazil. A database from the Brazilian Information System about Mortality and Census of the year 2000 and 2010 was used to estimate negative binomial models of homicide levels controlling for socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic factors. Findings show that unemployment and income inequality affect homicides levels and that the effect of the former is more pronounced compared to the latter. Moreover, the combination of income inequality and unemployment exacerbates the overall effect of deprivation on homicide levels.

No abstract

This study investigates the space-temporal growth of homicide rates in Brazil from 2000 to 2017 and identifies determinants of the country’s growth of homicide rates. Data from the Brazilian Information System on Mortality and Censuses are used to estimate growth models combined with spatial statistics and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Findings show evidence of change in the geographical distribution of lethal violence over time, characterized by a steady increase in the North and Northeast regions and a reduction in growth in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. Social disorganization factors namely deprivation, ethnic heterogeneity, and urbanization are significant positive determinants of the growth of homicide rates. The results show a reduction of the predictive strength of income inequality and an increase in that of unemployment from the year 2010 to 2017. The theoretical and policy implications of these results are discussed.

This study investigates the differences observed in the rate of tax evasion between the Global North and South countries, with special focus on Brazil, by comparing key parameters of their tax systems, namely, tax burden, audit cost, and fines. This is achieved by extending and applying Graetz, Reinganun, and Wilde’s model using data from tax authorities from European and Latin American countries, which produced parameters that are used for Bayesian games. The results show that tax evasion is directly associated with tax burden and audit cost, but the effect of fines is unclear. Overall, findings pointed to shortcomings in the tax system of Latin American countries that create the avenue for high tax evasion.

Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) e especialistas brasileiros sobre trabalho infantil estão em consenso de que a redução do número de crianças e adolescentes que trabalham no Brasil chegou no seu "núcleo duro". Este se refere a um ponto em que a erradicação se torna mais difícil e demanda novas estratégias de ação. Tal diculdade resulta na redução, cada vez menos acentuada, da taxa de trabalho infantil. Para averiguar as causas dessa inércia, é necessário conhecer tanto o perl dos trabalhadores infantis como a evolução do mesmo. Por este motivo, esse projeto se propõe a determinar e analisar a evolução do perl dos trabalhadores infantis no estado de São Paulo durante o período de 2004 à 2014. A estratégia de pesquisa será de tabulação e análise descritiva dos microdados da PNAD.

No abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic will have impactful long-term effects on the global rise of poverty and social inequalities, potentially compromising the achievement of SDGs for poverty-related diseases. We aimed to evaluate the impact of poverty increases, and the mitigation effects of social protection policies, on HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (TB) in Brazil, one of the largest and most unequal LMICs. We integrated economic, mathematical, and epidemiological models to forecast the trends of HIV/AIDS and TB according to different future scenarios, showing that the implementation of social protection policies could mitigate long-lasting rises in poverty, avoiding -in the most pessimistic economic projections- an increase of 41% in the incidence and 50% in the mortality from HIV/AIDS, and of 32% in the incidence and 53% in the mortality from TB. Overall, more than 250 thousand cases and 43 thousand deaths from HIV/AIDS and TB could be averted up to 2030.