This paper examines the dynamic interaction between financial innovation development in the payment system to money demand function especially for currency and narrow money, from 2007-2017 using Indonesia monthly data. This research based on Baumol (1952) and Tobin (1956) and Lippi and Secchi (2009) theory which stated that improvement of technology in the payment system will lead to a decrease in transaction demand for money. From estimation result using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method, study reveals that tremendous development in the payment system on the last eleven years i.e Real Time Gross Settlement, Clearing, Automatic Teller Machine (ATM)atauDebit Card, Credit Card and electronic money using several proxies, such as using transaction value (with and without clearing), total transaction value, transaction volume, ratio of financial innovation in the payment system to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), broad money (M2) to narrow money (M1) ratio, ratio of financial innovation in the payment system to narrow money (M1) will decrease currency and narrow money (M1). Analysis of the financial innovation in the payment system role in affecting money demand (currency and narrow money) is very important so that money demand function is not misspesificied and in determining monetary policy has considered the development of payment system technology.
This study tests for a long-run relation between oil prices and the rupiah–US dollarexchange rate. We discover, first, that the long-run cointegration relation between oilprices and the real exchange rate (RER) is sensitive to different exchange rate regimesin Indonesia. Second, we find a long-run cointegrating relation between oil prices andthe RER over the float exchange rate regime. However, in the managed float period,there is no evidence of a long-run relation between oil prices and the RER. In the longrun, higher oil prices lead to an appreciation of the rupiah against the US dollar in thefloat period (post-August 1997 period). We demonstrate that these results are robust todifferent data frequencies.
AbstrakPenelitian ini mengevaluasi tingkat pemanfaatan Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) dan Indonesia-Pakistan Preferential Trade Agreement (IPPTA) dalam ekspor dan impor Indonesia ke Jepang dan Pakistan. Tingkat pemanfaatan FTA untuk ekspor menggunakan rasio nilai perdagangan yang termuat dalam Surat Keterangan Asal (SKA) terhadap nilai ekspor ke negara mitra. Sedangkan tingkat pemanfaatan impor menggunakan rasio nilai impor produk yang memenuhi syarat terhadap total impor Indonesia dari negara mitra. Studi ini menemukan bahwa pemanfaatan IJEPA (2012-2016) cenderung menurun. Pada tahun 2016 tingkat pemanfaatan ekspor sebesar 47,2%. Sementara pemanfaatan IPPTA untuk ekspor ke Pakistan mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan sejak diimplementasi tahun 2013 dengan tingkat pemanfaatan ekspor sebesar 72,0% pada tahun 2016. Di sisi impor pemanfaatan IJEPA mencapai 67,7% sementara IPPTA hanya 18,8% (2016). Pemanfaatan impor IJEPA dan IPPTA relatif stagnan, jumlah perusahaan yang menggunakan SKA IJEPA sudah pada level jenuh, sementara pengguna SKA IPPTA masih tumbuh 18,2% per tahun. Bentuk PTA lebih memberikan dampak positif bagi peningkatan ekspor Indonesia ke negara mitra dibandingkan FTA yang komprehensif. Kebijakan melakukan FTA dalam bentuk Economic Partnership perlu disertai dengan kerja sama yang menjamin peningkatan perdagangan yang seimbang antar negara anggota. AbstractThis study aims to address the utilization level of The Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) and Indonesia-Pakistan Preferential Trade Agreement (IPPTA). The level of FTA utilization for exports was measured by the ratio of trade value recorded in the Certificate of Origin (CoO) to Indonesia’s export value to the related country. While the level of utilization of imports was defined by the ratio of the import value of eligible products to Indonesia's total imports from the related country. The study found IJEPA’s utilization during 2012-2016 tended to decrease. In 2016, the level of utilization was about 47.2%. While IPPTA utilization for exports to Pakistan experienced a significant increase since it was implemented in 2013 with a rate of export utilization was 72.0% in 2016. On the import side, the level of utilization under IJEPA reached 67.7% while IPPTA was only 18.8% at the same period. In terms of the imports utilization level of both IJEPA and IPPTA, it was relatively stagnant, while the number of companies utilize IJEPA’s CoO was saturated. In contrast, IPPTA’s CoO users still grew at 18.2% per year. This study concluded PTA provides more positive impact on increasing Indonesia's exports to related countries than comprehensive FTAs. Thus, establishing an FTA in the form of an Economic Partnership needs to be followed with the cooperation that guarantees trade balance within the parties.
Direct investment is expected to be a source of financing for the current account deficit in Indonesia's Balance of Payments. One of the contributors to the current account deficit is the oil and gas trade balance. Therefore, this study will focus on direct investment in the upstream oil and gas sector. This study will examine the impact of implementing regulations related to restrictions on costs that can be claimed to the government and economic factors that include prices and costs per unit of oil and gas on the upstream oil and gas investment. The study was conducted using micro data from 33 oil and gas companies in Indonesia, with a data period 2005-2018. The analysis model used is panel data regression. Empirical results show that the implementation of regulation as well as price per unit (lag-2) have a significant and positive correlation to the upstream oil and gas investment. While operational cost per unit (lag-2) have a significant effect with a negative correlation after the implementation of the regulation.
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