Background: Psychological well-being (PWB) is affected by age, physical health, personality, life experiences, socioeconomic status, and culture. Age is an important social determinant of health and age-based analysis is necessary to rectify one’s health and health care. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to assess the PWB of college students and to determine the correlation between age and PWB aspects. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 college students selected by simple random sampling. Ryff’s PWB scale, a 42-item version used for the assessment of PWB, and data were collected by self-administering questionnaires. Statistical Analysis: Internal consistency of the scale was estimated and descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, and regression analysis were applied. Results: The mean age of the participants was 19.41±1.69 years and 61% were male. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for internal consistency of Ryff’s PWB scale was 0.814 in this study. The mean of PWB was 205.42±11.04 and ≥20 years scored higher in all the parameters of PWB than <20 years, differences were (t=3.62, P=0.001) significant. Simple linear regression showed that age was a highly significant (P=0.002) predictor of PWB. Conclusion: The study illustrated that students of 20 years or more had better PWB in terms of all dimensions than <20 years-, and also suggested the need for future research, like, to deepen on the conceptual and relations between age and PWB, and to analyze the impact that social changes have toward age group on PWB.
Editorial on the Research Topic Microbiota in skin inflammatory diseasesMammalian skin furnishes a niche habitat to diverse microorganisms. The skin contains hair follicles or appendages that provide the home presumably favorable for microbial accessibility (1). Various microbes, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses, inhabit the interface between the skin and external area to constitute the microbiota (2). This microbiota of skin is quite analogous to that of the gut in terms of developing homeostasis and the immune system (3). Microbiota interactions with epithelial or immune cells play critical roles in wound healing, barrier restoration, or pathogenic protection (4). The quantitative and qualitative changes in skin microbiota, such as dysbiosis, may closely associate with the dysfunction of the host immune system, possibly leading to the induction of inflammatory disorders. Although the skin microbiota might play crucial roles in remodeling host immune and inflammatory responses, the exact mechanisms by which the alterations in skin microbiota induce inflammatory disorders need to be defined. Thus, it is imperative to systemically explore the etiologic factors in charge of compositional changes in skin microbiota. For instance, as for the approach to uncover the unknown mechanisms responsible for these changes, it is essential to validate cellular and molecular interactions between skin microbiota and host cells, which are helpful to better understand the cause and effect of the pathogenesis of skin inflammations such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). Such approaches may provide insight into further developing diagnostics and therapeutics for skin inflammations. The current Research Topic encompasses some recent findings related to the roles of cutaneous microbiota in affecting the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases. In a comprehensive review, Chen et al. overviewed methodological advances in analyzing the skin microbiome, significant challenges in systemically substantiating the skin microbial communities, and current knowledge of skin microbiome in health and disease. Moreover, the authors comprehensively discussed the reports examining the microbiome characteristic of diverse skin diseases.A recent study highlighted the roles played by the skin-resident immune cells in modifying the progression of microbiota-involved infectious diseases. Park et al. have Frontiers in Immunology frontiersin.org 01
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2 (NOD2) is a CARD domain-containing pattern recognition protein in which inactivating mutations can cause Crohn’s disease. Mechanisms that have been suggested to explain the inflammation in Crohn’s disease associated with loss of NOD2 function include inadequate intestinal antibacterial defense or, on the other hand, diminished inhibition of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Psoriasis is a common autoimmune skin disease for which recent data show significant up-regulation of NOD2 in keratinocytes of the lesional skin. We investigated a role for NOD2 in a TLR-driven mouse model of psoriasis-like dermatitis in which IL-17A and IL-22 are critical contributors. Following topical application of the TLR7/8 agonist, imiquimod, as compared with wild-type controls, Nod2−/− mice showed increases in epidermal thickness, epidermal neutrophils, and numbers of α/β and γ/δ T cells capable of producing IL-17A and IL-22 as well as expression of mRNAs for IL-17 and IL-22 in the treated skin. In addition, we found increased levels of mRNAs for IL-1β, and for several IL-1-inducible proteins, including COX2 and the neutrophil chemoattractants CCL3, CXCL2, and CXCL3, and decreased levels of mRNA for IL-1RA in the imiquimod-treated skin of the Nod2−/− mice. Taken together, these data suggest that NOD2 may be limiting skin inflammation in psoriasis by regulating IL-1/TLR signaling, supporting an important immunomodulatory role for NOD2 in inflammatory disease.
For the prevention of COVID-19 spread, early and accurate detection is important. Specimens are collected through respiratory mucosal surfaces with nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs, from infected patients are highly complex. Sputum testing could preferably be a more convenient technique for the detection of COVID-19 as being noninvasive method, which could easily be collected by having a patient cough deeply to produce and expel phlegm which could be in compliance to patient in comparison to Nasopharyngeal swab (NPS). Consequently, broader testing than the current methods of nasal or throat swabs will significantly increase the number of people screening, leading to more effective control of the spread of COVID-19. Nonetheless, a comparison of the saliva-based assay with current swab test is needed to understand what and how we can benefit from this newly developed assay. Therefore, in this review article, we aimed to summarize the feasibility of sputum testing in relation to Covid-19. Any implementation of clinical sampling for diagnosis should take into considerations of the sensitivity of assays, risks to healthcare professionals, and global shortage of equipment.
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