A power- driven walnut dehulling machine was developed and tested. The machine was evaluated for dehulling after applying Ethephon and Tween-80 to green walnuts by dip and spray methods. The results showed that with the increase in dipping time and post dipping/spraying time, the effective throughput capacity, dehulling efficiency and fully dehulled walnut percentage increased, whereas partially dehulled walnut percentage and labour requirement decreased in both manual and mechanical dehulling. Maximum effective throughput capacity, dehulling efficiency and fully dehulled walnut percentage were observed, when green walnuts were subjected to dehulling after 4 days of Ethephon spray treatment (0.3 %). The effective throughput capacity, dehulling efficiency and fully dehulled walnut percentage were found significantly higher in mechanical dehulling than in manual dehulling.
The present study was conducted to optimize the operational conditions for development of spray‐dried ginger oleoresin powder by using response surface methodology (RSM). The carrier agent concentration (15–35%), gingerol concentration (10%–30%), inlet temperature (155–175°C), and feed flow rate (300–500 ml/hr) were kept as independent variables. While the responses analyzed for deciding the optimum operational conditions were moisture content, product yield, hygroscopicity, rehydration ratio, and total oleoresin content, respectively. Although experimental values and the predicted ones exhibited small deviations, but the values were within the acceptable limits. Results showed the most desirable optimum condition for ginger oleoresin powder were gum acacia and whey protein isolate (30%), gingerol concentration (23% and 25%), inlet temperature (170°C), and feed flow rate (350 ml/hr), respectively, for obtaining powder with desired characteristics such as low moisture content, increased yield, low hygroscopicity, high rehydration ratio, and high oleoresin content. Practical applications Gingerols prepared by various solvent extraction methods consists of volatile oil, nonvolatile fatty and resinous material, and other active ingredients. They possess number of health beneficial effects such as antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti‐inflammatory properties. The microencapsulation of ginger oleoresin helps to reduce oxidation process by exposure to the environment, increasing the shelf life and the solubility. Oleoresin microcapsule can also be used as a therapeutic agent.
A higher proportion of apples produced in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) is wasted due to pre-harvest drop which can be utilised for the development of various value-added products. Although apples are mostly processed into single-strength juice and concentrate in J&K, there is a need to introduce new apple-based products. Thus, a study was conducted to develop apple powder from apple juice concentrate (AJC) using spray drying technique. AJC was evaluated for physico-chemical composition, phytochemical constituents, flow behaviour, thermophysical aspect, flavour compounds and viscosity, and was compared with spray dried apple powder (SDAP) developed from the same concentrate. Results inferred from the comparison of AJC with SDAP revealed that SDAP recorded lower moisture content (2.91%) and aw (0.217) but significantly (p < 0.05%) higher fibre (0.07%), carbohydrate content (95.28%) and total soluble solids (TSS) (95.78oBrix). An increase in phenolic, anthocyanin and antioxidant potential of SDAP was also recorded. Viscosity analysis demonstrated that AJC possessed content viscous nature with a viscosity of 552.8 mPa-s which was well supported by rheogram depicting Newtonian behaviour of the con-centrate. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated the presence of major ester, aromatic acids, and primary and secondary alcohol groups which were further revealed by GC-MS that detected the presence of major flavour compounds (2-methyl butyl acetate) in AJC. Flow behaviour of SDAP (after reconstitution) depicted non-Newtonian (shear thinning) behaviour with low viscosity. FTIR and GC showed the presence of all chemical constituents already present in AJC thereby confirming efficiency of spray drying process. The results from the comparison study inferred that AJC can prove as an excellent raw material for spray drying after dilution.
The effect of antioxidants, temperature, packaging materials and storage periods was investigated in medium shelled walnut kernels (Hamdan) variety. The kernels were mechanically dried (40°C), standardized and treated with butylated hydroxylanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene in combination at concentrations (0.015%) each. Then packed in laminates under vacuum and high density polyethylene non vacuum packaging materials and stored under ambient and refrigerated temperature conditions (4°C) for a period of 9 months. All tested extracts possessed appreciable antioxidant potential. The bioactive compounds were identified by using chromatographic techniques (GC-MS and LC-MS). Before storage dried kernels exhibited high values of total phenols (31.23 mgGAE/gm), DPPH (215.13 lmol TAEg -1 ) and low value of non enzymatic browning (0.63 OD). Walnuts packed in laminates under vacuum and refrigerated conditions exhibited higher values of total phenols, total flavonoids, DPPH and subsequently lower change in nonenzymatic browning reactions throughout the experiment. After 90 days of storage maximum loss in total phenols and DPPH value and highest value of non enzymatic browning was observed in high density polyethylene non vacuum packaging materials under ambient temperature. The major phenolic components identified by GC/MS and LC/MS analysis were linoleic acid, oleic acid, hexadecanoic acid, epicatechin, quercetin, epicatechin and ellagic acid respectively. This study validates the antioxidant potential of the walnut kernels and the positive relationship between total phenolic content, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity.
The aim of the present study was to design, fabricate, and evaluate a walnut bleaching machine.The machine consists of a feed hopper, rotating drum, motor, reduction gear, belt and pulley system, pump, storage tank, lever, delivery chute, and a control box. The bleaching process is achieved by simultaneous chemical and mechanical action. In order to assess the performance of the machine, acidified sodium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide were used as bleaching agents in 2 and 3% concentrations for 5 and 7 min of time. The result of the performance tests showed the significant effects of bleaching agent and bleaching time on all the performance and color parameters with the exception of damaged walnut percentage. Treating inshelled walnuts with 3% sodium hypochlorite 10.2% HCl (T 5 ) for 7 min followed by rinsing in plain water resulted in attractive and bright shell appearance of walnuts. Further, highest bleaching efficiency (94.69%), fully bleached walnut percentages (94.19), and lowest partially bleached walnut percentage (5.47) were recorded when T 5 was used as bleaching agent for 7 min in bleacher. Practical applicationsDark shell colored and stained walnuts have poor consumer acceptability. In India, crude methods are employed to remove these shell stains, which compromise the shell integrity, thus leading to moisture ingress into kernels. This results in kernel darkening, mold growth, and oxidative rancidity in walnuts. However, for improving the surface appearance, the walnuts after dehulling are required to be processed. Therefore, a walnut bleaching machine was developed and various chemical bleaching agents were investigated to study their effects on surface cleaning of inshelled walnuts. A technology of this nature can be useful to walnut growers and processors.
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BACKGROUND Ginger oleoresin is prone to destruction from air, light and high temperatures and has a limited shelf life if kept improperly. Its viscous and sticky characteristics also make it difficult to handle and utilize. These issues can be solved via microencapsulation. The goal of this research was to evaluate how different wall materials affect the properties of microencapsulated ginger oleoresin powder. RESULTS Ginger oleoresin microcapsules were developed through spray drying technique using gum acacia (GA) and whey protein isolate (WPI) as wall materials. The characteristics of the obtained powder, including water activity, wettability and encapsulation efficiency, were evaluated, corresponded to values of 0.20, 90.54 s and 84.15% for whey protein isolate‐based ginger oleoresin powder. Whey protein isolate microcapsules also exhibited higher phenolic content (27.26 mg gallic acid equivalents g−1), total flavonoid (2.94 mg quercetin equivalents g−1) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (68.71%) than GA microcapsules. Both WPI‐ and GA‐based oleoresin microcapsules displayed poor flowability, but possessed a metastable amorphous state as indicated by X‐ray diffraction. GA‐encapsulated oleoresin microcapsules showed a significant increase in particle size (1983 nm) compared to WPI oleoresin microcapsules. Fourier transform infrared analysis of the developed oleoresin microcapsules indicated no change in molecular structure except for a variation in peak intensity. CONCLUSION Whey protein isolate proved to be more efficient in maintaining the physicochemical and antioxidant activity of spray‐dried ginger oleoresin powder. The present study revealed whey protein‐based oleoresin powder could be used as a therapeutic agent in various nutraceutical applications. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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