The physico-chemical parameters and some heavy metal concentrations in the Logone River water at Moundou City, Chad, are studied for two stations from July 2013 to December 2014, one upstream and another downstream of the city. Standard methods are used. A total of twenty-two physico-chemical parameters were determined by spectrophotometers showed clear seasonal variations of; BOD 5, COD, sulphate, phosphate, and nitrate, among the stations. The Moundou City wastewater negatively impacted the concentrations of physicochemical parameters of Logone River water samples when compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. It was observed that the water quality parameters exceed the permissible limits downstream of the river:BOD 5 (198mg/l), COD (897 mg/l), MES (287 mg/l), F(1.87 mg/l), heavy metals Cr (0,934 mg/l), Fe (5,55 mg/l) Cu (0,294 mg/l), Pb (17 mg/l), As (0,894 mg/l), Mb (14,2 mg/l). This study shows that industrial discharge into Logone River seriously contributes to the pollution of the river at the level which poses health and environmental hazards to those using it in downstream for domestic and agricultural purposes.
This study was carried out to identify and assess the water quality of the Chari River. The Chari, 1200 km long, is Chad’s major water source. Municipal sewage, industrial wastewater discharge, and seasonal run-off from agriculture are regularly fed into the river. Several trace metals such as Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn, and Cd, were measured in different sampling stations located along the Chari River at N’Djamena in different campaigns from 2008 to 2010. Overall, manganese, zinc, chromium, and copper concentration levels were mainly in the range of the permissible limits prescribed by WHO guidelines (WHO 2011). Nickel, iron, and cadmium concentrations were still high. This preliminary study allowed us to identify the magnitude of toxic pollutants, which are responsible for Chari River water contamination in the study area. This study revealed that urgent measures must be taken to protect the local people from health problems resulting from high concentrations of heavy metals.
Abstract:The present study is a contribution to the physical and chemical analysis of water, sediments and fish in order to determine the pollution status of Léré lake in Western Mayo-Kebbi (Chad). The study investigates parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, BDO5 and CDO. Likewise, concentrations of trace elements known as heavy metals Cu, Cd, Pb, Fe, Mn, As, Zn, Ni and Cr of which some are especially toxic were determined in water, sediments and fish. Results of heavy metals analysis: Cu (0.95 -3.90 mg/l), Pb (0.13 -0.75 mg/l), Ni (0.40 -6.40 mg/l), Cr (0.03 -0.50 mg/l), As(0.03 -0.18 mg/l), Cd (0.07 -0.15 mg/l) and Zn (0.98 -15.30 mg/l) as well as data on CDO (26-50 mg/l) and BDO5 (17-34 mg/l) showed that water pollution of the Léré lake was very significant though consumed by surrounding populations. The same report can be made on strongly contaminated sediments: Ni (5.9 mg/Kg), As (2.71 mg/Kg), Cr (6.60 mg/Kg), Cd (0.50 mg/Kg) and Mn (0.26 mg/Kg). Over all, within the framework of this study, fish flesh was less contaminated than fish gills.
This study was carried out to evaluate the influence of the discharge of effluents Farcha slaughterhouses pollution of the Chari River. To overcome this, water and sediment samples were taken upstream to the outlet and downstream of Farcha slaughterhouse. These samples were subjected to some physicochemical analysis. Slaughterhouse effluent showed a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ranging from 96 mg.L-1 to 100 mg.L-1 ; Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5) 54 mg.L-1 to 70 mg.L-1 and the suspended solids (TSS) 64 mg.L-1 to 108 mg.L-1. The physicochemical characterization of water samples Chari gave a change in hydrogen potential (pH) between 6 to 7; a temperature ranging from 28.35°C to 28.70°C with an electric conductivity ranging from 50 µS.cm-1 to 129 µS.cm-1. The dissolved oxygen levels in water shows an appreciable oxygenation (5.02-7.37 mg O 2 .L-1). As the mineral substances, the chloride ions (Cl-) vary from 9.05 mg.L-1 to 29.25 mg.L-1 ; ferrous ions (Fe 2+) of 0.48 mg.L-1 to 11.10 mg.L-1 ; sulphate ions (SO 4 2-) of 21.50 mg.L-1 to 38 mg.L-1 ; phosphate ions (PO 4 3-) of 20.45 mg/L to 84.35 mg/L; nitrate ions (NO 3-) of 15 mg.L-1 to 39.50 mg.L-1. In opposite, the concentrations of nitrite (NO 2-) increased from 7.45 mg.L-1 to 13 mg.L-1 ; that of ammonium ions (NH 4 +) 1.49 mg.L-1 to 4.95 mg.L-1. The concentrations of dissolved ions showed higher values in July than in September. We observed significant variations in these parameters, some of which values were in excess of the WHO standard. However; the rate of COD/BOD 5 = 1.67 show that these wastewater Farcha slaughterhouses are biodegradable.
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