Flax seed oil has proven dynamic multi systemic effects since ancient times. Consumption of caffeinated energy drinks has also been increased among youth in order to increase mental and physical performance. Due to their widespread usage, hazardous effects on various systems of human body have been reported. Aims & Objectives: To evaluate the protective effects of flax seed oil on caffeinated energy drink induced changes in adult male albino rat body weight. Place & Duration of Study: This study was conducted in FPGMI, Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore for 8 weeks. Material & methods: 32 adult male albino rats average weight (250-300g) were randomly divided into four groups of 8 animals each. Group A (Control) received corn oil 5ml/kg body weight by gavage in addition to basal diet daily for 8 weeks. Group B (Experimental) were fed on caffeinated energy drink (15ml/kg body weight) and corn oil (5ml/kg body weight). Group C (Experimental) received caffeinated energy drink (15ml/kg body weight) and 40% of flax seed oil (5ml/kg body weight), while group D (Experimental) received caffeinated energy drink(15ml/kg body weight) and 60% flax seed oil (5ml/kg body weight) daily for 8 weeks respectively. The animals were weighed before and after experiment. Results: The mean body weight of rats before experiment was insignificant (p = 0.945). After experiment the mean body weight of experimental group B, C and D was increased as compared to control group A, but statistically it was insignificant ( p = 0.319) however, percentage body weight gain was significant( p = 0.003). Conclusion: Flax seed oil alleviated altered body weight caused by caffeinated energy drink in adult male albino rats
Approaches to learning are the thinking process used for getting, arranging, and recalling the information more effectively. Sound knowledge of Anatomy is mandatory for practicing safely and efficiently in almost all clinical specialties. Aim of this study was to explore the learning approaches proved to be most popular among the undergraduate medical students for the subject of Anatomy in our institution. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Anatomy Department, Shaikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Medical College, Lahore. 100 students from first year & 98 students from second year MBBS were included. Participation was purely on voluntary basis. Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) was used to categorize students’ learning approaches towards anatomy as surface, deep or strategic. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Shapiro Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data. Data was normally distributed. Scoring for three learning approaches was described by using mean ± SD. P- Value ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Overall, 116 (58.9%) students practiced deep approach, 53 (26.9%) students practiced strategic approach and only 28 (14.2%) showed surface approach. No significant difference was found in practicing different learning approaches between first-year and second-year students.Deep learning approach towards anatomy was the most frequently adopted approach by both male as well as female students. Conclusion: Majority of the students showed predominant deep approach towards learning Anatomy, followed by the students having predominant strategic learning approach. There is still room for improvement in the quest to foster deep learning among students by the development of competent & skillful faculty and improving our assessment tools aligned with the learning outcomes.
Introduction: Nicotine, a major component of cigarette smoke, alters ovarian function and Ajwa (Phoenix dactylifera) being an antioxidant prevents its toxicity. Aims & Objectives: This experimental study was designed to evaluate protective effect of Ajwa against ovarian toxicity induced by nicotine in adult albino rats. Place and duration of study: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore for duration of 3 months (January 2017-March 2017). Material & Methods: 40 adult female albino rats were divided into four equal groups. 1ml distilled water was given to the rats of control (A) group by gastric intubation, experimental group B was given nicotine injection intraperitoneally (0.1 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. The rats of experimental group C were given Ajwa fruit extract 1gm/kg body weight daily by gastric intubation, while rats of experimental group D were given 0.1mg/kg body weight nicotine intraperitoneally plus 1gm/kg body weight Ajwa fruit extract by gastric intubation for 28 days. Results: In group B, secondary and Graafian follicles were mostly atrophic, degeneration of granulosa cells, pyknotic nuclei and stromal vacuolization were present. Zona pellucida was torn and irregular. Mean diameters of secondary and Graafian follicles were significantly lower in nicotine group B (p-value<0-001*). Experimental group C revealed normal histological architecture and diameter of ovarian follicles. Near normal restoration of follicular structure was seen in group D. Conclusion: Ajwa fruit extract is counterbalancing for nicotine induced oxidative stress in ovarian follicles of rat, so it may be useful to improve infertility or sub-fertility induced by smoking in females.
Objective: To determine the impacts of sodium fluoride on ovarian weight and relative tissue weight index (RTWI) of adult Wistar albino rats. Study Design: Comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: This experimental study was performed at the Department of Anatomy, at Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore from 25th November to 24th December 2016. Materials and Methods: Forty-four adult female albino Wistar rats were selected randomly for this study. They were segregated into 4 groups, each comprised of eleven rats. Group A was control, group B was low dose experimental, group C was medium dose experimental and group D was high dose experimental. The control group received distilled water whereas low, medium and high dose experimental groups received 100mg/L, 200mg/L and 300mg/L sodium fluoride solution respectively. The animals were weighed before and after experiment. At 31st and 32nd day, dissection was done, ovaries were removed and evaluated for ovarian tissue weight and RTWI. Results: The mean weight and RTWI of paired ovaries among the experimental groups were decreased. The differences among groups were statistically significant. Conclusion: The present study confirms that sodium fluoride has detrimental dose dependent effects on ovarian weight and RTWI of adult albino rats.
Introduction: Nicotine adversely affects ovarian functions and Ajwa (Phoenix dactylifera) being an antioxidant prevents nicotine from causing toxicity. Aims & Objectives: To assess the effects of Ajwa on nicotine induced vascular and luteal changes in adult albino rats. Material & Methods: Study was conducted in the Anatomy Department of Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex Lahore. Four equal groups were made of 40 adult female albino rats. 1ml distilled water was given to the rats of control (A) group by gastric intubation, experimental group B was given nicotine injection intraperitoneally (0.1 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. The rats of experimental group C were given Ajwa fruit extract 1gm/kg body weight daily by gastric intubation, while rats of experimental group D were given 0.1mg/kg body weight nicotine intraperitoneally plus 1gm/kg body weight Ajwa fruit extract by gastric intubation for 28 days. Results: Vascular congestion was found in one rat of group A & D and in all animals of group B. Corpus luteum of group B revealed congestion and was focally infiltrated by inflammatory cells. Conclusion: Ajwa improves nicotine induced changes in blood vessels and corpus luteum of adult albino rats, so it may be useful to improve infertility or subfertility induced by smoking in women.
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