Advances in multidisciplinary research have paved the way for the development of nanotechnological applications for utilization across a diversity of fields, including infectious diseases, agriculture, and the environment. Nanoparticles can be used for targeting and can play a vital role in the health sector. Using chemical methods, nanoparticles have been produced for a very long time, but due to the release of the harmful chemicals during their production and higher cost associated with the methodology, alternative methods such as green syntheses have been introduced. The green synthesis method is preferred over chemical methods attributed to the absence of fumes in green synthesis as compared to the chemical method. Nowadays, the antibiotic resistant microbes and the development of superbugs are a major problem in health sector, so as there are certain studies about the antimicrobial activities of metallic NPs, which can provide an alternative approach against these resistant microbes. The understanding about these NPs in bio-medical applications is not well studied. This systematic review will help the scientific community to understand the actual potential of these NPs as an effective antimicrobial and anticancer agent.
A comprehensive microscopic investigation of the leaf epidermis, as well as anatomical and palynological research of selected Asteraceae species from the flora of Havali (Kahutta) Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) Pakistan, was carried out. This study includes 11 plant species comprising of Senecio jacobea, Leucanthemum vulgare, Halianthus annuus, Erigeron bonariensis, Achillea millifolium, Halianthus Linnaeus, Taraxacum officinale, Anaphalius nepalensis, Erigeron Canadensis, and Tagetes erecta. All the species studied were amphistomatic, with four different forms of stomata i.e tetracytic, anomocytic, anisocytic, and tricytic. The main stomatal type was tetracytic, followed by anomocytic. The abaxial epidermis has a higher stomatal density than the adaxial epidermis. Highest stomatal density was present Tagetes erecta while lowest is present in Conyza canadensis. In lower epidermis stomatal index was higher in Taraxacum officinale followed by Halianthus annuus and Tagetes erecta while in upper epidermis highest index was shown by Halianthus annuus. For this study species of family Acteraceae were properly collected. Furthermore, variation in pollen can be seen. List of palynomorph which includes family name, botanical name, local name, English name, flower colour, season and pollen description for the logical arrangement of these species. The logical ordering of these species was guided by dust characteristics such as form and pollen morphology. Palynological data has been found to be too big for taxonomists to calculate and make appropriate observations on their findings.
The efficiency of Cd-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) in maize growing in Cd-rich conditions was tested in the current study. The best Cd-tolerant strain, Bacillus pumilus, exhibited plant growth stimulation in vivo and in vitro experiments. We determined the toxic concentrations (30 (ppm)) of both NPs for plant growth. B. pumilus, ZnO NPs (20 (ppm)), and TiO2 NPs (10 (ppm)) had a synergistic effect on plant growth promotion in Cd-contaminated soil (120 (ppm)) in a pot experiment. Both alone and in combination, these therapies reduced Cd toxicity, resulting in improved stress metabolism and defense responses. The combined treatments showed increased relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, proline, total sugars, and proteins and significantly reduced lipid peroxidation. Moreover, this combination increased the levels of minerals and antioxidants and reduced Cd bioaccumulation in shoots and roots by 40–60%. Our in silico pipeline presented a novel picture of the participation of ZnO–TiO2 protein interaction in both B. pumilus and maize. These findings provide fresh insights on the use of B. pumilus, ZnO, and TiO2 NPs, both separately and in combination, as a viable and environmentally benign strategy for reducing Cd stress in maize.
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