Drought is considered as one of the major limiting factors affecting growth and productivity of crop plants. It severely affects the morphological and physiological activities of the plants and hampers the seed germination, root proliferation, biomass accumulation and final yield of field crops. Drought stress disrupts the biosynthesis of chlorophyll contents, carotene and decreases photosynthesis in plants. It gradually reduces CO2 assimilation rates owing to decrease in stomatal conductance. In addition, drought affects cell membrane stability and disrupts water relations of a plant by reducing water use efficiency. To cope with these situations, plants adopt different mechanisms such as drought tolerance, avoidance and escape. In this review, we discussed about the effects of drought on morphological and physiological characteristics of plants and suggested the different agronomic practices to overcome the deleterious effects of drought stress.
Sugarcane is an important crop for bioenergy and sugar, contributing to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan. Global warming and increasing greenhouse gas emission result in the increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. Temperature stress is a major environmental stress that limits the sugarcane growth, productivity and metabolism worldwide. Numerous biochemical reactions are involved in plant development, and these biochemical reactions are very sensitive to temperature stress. Now a day, temperature stress is a major concern for sugarcane production and approaches for high yield of sugarcane under temperature stress are important agriculture goals. Sugarcane plant adapts a number of acclimation and avoidance mechanism against different environmental stress. Plant survival under different stresses depends on ability to generate and transmit the signal and biochemical and physiological changes. In future, climate change is an important consequence for sugarcane production in the world because of its relative low adaptive capacity, poor forecasting system and high vulnerable to natural hazard. In this review we briefly describe climate change effects on sugarcane, sugar production in several countries especially in Pakistan, future challenges for sugar production under changing climatic scenario and propose strategies for mitigation negative impacts of climate change.
It is expected that up to 2050, human population will be doubled. Agricultural researchers are striving their best to meet the food challenges. To get the higher yield, nitrogenous fertilizers use is also being increased. Nitrogenous fertilizers play vital roles in different plant’s growth and developmental processes. But, excessive use of nitrogen is no more beneficial to plants. Only 30 to 50% nitrogen use efficiency is recorded in plants, the remaining nitrogen is used by soil microbes, leached down in soil profile or volatilized. Different agronomical practices have been practiced and suggested for the general cultivation. Proper use of these agronomical practices can increase the crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
Environmental vulnerabilities such as temperature stress and increasing CO2 concentration are the major constraints for plant growth, metabolism and productivity worldwide. Many biochemical reactions are involved in plant growth and development, which are very sensitive to environmental vulnerabilities. Plant response to HT varies with HT duration, degree and plant type. HT is a major concern for crop production and obtaining the sustainable yield. Wheat plant possess a number of avoidances, adaptive and acclimation mechanism to cope with HT situations. Employ ions transporter, osmoprotectants and antioxidant are the major tolerant mechanism adopt by plant. Signaling decades and transcriptional control are activated to offset stress induced physiological and biochemical alterations. As biotic stress, weeds, insect pests and diseases will be winner under changing climate conditions because of their more diversity and adaptive power. Weeds, pest attack and diseases of wheat will increase in near future under changing climatic conditions and risk of invasiveness may increase. Wheat crop is weather stimuli, which affected by extreme weather condition. Temperature stress, changing rainfall pattern and increase in CO2 concentrations will affect pathogen attack, increase insects, weeds and their competiveness with wheat crop. Efficiency of present management practices may also be affected under changing climatic conditions. This article reviews the consequences of different environmental vulnerabilities on abiotic and biotic stresses in wheat. Most of research was conducted for evaluation of the effects of a single factor, but only few studies were carried out for interaction of multiple factors. Research is needed to evaluate the effects of change in climatic factors on wheat production and find out the interactions between climate vulnerabilities and abiotic stresses, in order to develop the strategies to minimize their affects.
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