Аннотация. В статье приводятся методологические подходы к анализу феномена «общение», формулируется авторская позиция в отношении деятельностной сущности общения, его культуросохраняющей функции. Рассматриваются субъективные и объективные показатели ценности общения для рабочих. Выявлены довольно высокие оценки самих рабочих значимости общения, которые статистически не связаны ни с полом, ни с возрастом. Объективные показатели (использование времени) слабо согласованы с субъективными оценками значимости общения для рабочих. Семейное общение «проигрывает» внесемейному. Социальное окружение рабочих свидетельствует, что немалую часть фонда времени рабочие проводят вне общения («лицом к лицу») с семьей, родственниками, коллегами по работе, друзьями и другими лицами. Положительная динамика временного ресурса общения городских рабочих (с 1986 по 2014 гг.) характеризуется его ростом более чем в два с половиной раза. Ключевые слова: общение, деятельность, ценность, рабочие, затраты времени, социальные характеристики.
The article is devoted to the study of the real behavior (time use) of urban employed population in everyday life, reflecting the strategies of their social adaptation. Based on our comprehensive research data (including time budget monitoring) “Daily activities of the urban population: time budget, values, social adaptation” examines the structuring of the time resource in the aspect of interpreting the economic and non-economic behavior of the employed population in 2019–2020. The analysis showed that the obtained average indicators of adaptation practices (even if we assume that the subject of activity perceives them as quite acceptable) are far from optimal. This conclusion applies not only to the household, the family, but it is also true from the point of view of sociocultural and economic goals of society, its demographic expectations and is supported by the results of cross-country comparison. The article emphasizes that the characteristics of free time are an integral indicator of the result of adaptive behavior in all spheres of daily activity and contain all the fi nal properties of gender injustice in the aspect of adaptive capabilities. The analysis of the dynamics of the time use of working citizens in 1986, 2007–2008, 2019–2020 revealed the connection of adaptive behavior in daily activities with the cyclical wave transformation of the environment external to the household. Despite the facts of aligning of values, needs with real behavior, by 2019–2020 there was rather a deterioration in the results of adaptation in terms of the country’s development objectives. The problems of work, everyday life, recreation and self-development as areas of daily activity of urban residents remain on the agenda and require attention.
The article presents the results of the analysis of the opinions of workers and students, which are two large social groups of the Russian population, about a just society and the future of Russia. The interrelationships between judgments about a fair society and the choice of a path for Russia are analyzed. The assessments of fairness in modern Russia and in the place of residence of the younger and older generations of workers and students, as well as assessments of the observance of fairness at the place of work of workers are revealed. The empirical base was the data collected in Pskov (meso-level), at an industrial enterprise in Omsk and at universities in Pskov, Omsk and Moscow (micro- level). There were no significant differences in the opinions about a fair society. Most workers and students share the judgments: “A fair society in which everyone has the opportunity to succeed in life” and “In a fair society, everyone can participate in the discussion and decision-making on the most important issues of everyday life.” The generalized picture of the views of workers and students about the desired future of Russia, formed from the most supported judgments, showed a significant similarity in the picture of the younger and older generations of workers and a noticeable difference from it in the opinions of students. Workers in their ideas about the future are inclined to the “special way” of the country, an unambiguous conclusion on students has not been worked out due to the observed variation in judgments depending on the regional center. At the same time, there are no significant differences in the assessments of the observance of justice in Russian society. Most workers and students believe that justice in modern Russia is currently not respected at their place of residence. The assessments of workers and students of the observance of justice in modern Russia, as well as the assessments of workers of the observance of justice at work, are closely related to their assessments of life satisfaction in general and the level of personal happiness. It seems appropriate to use equity assessments in modern Russia for the sociological measurement of social well-being, to fi nd out the effectiveness of social adaptation of territorial communities and large social groups of the population in a changing Russian society.
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