PREFACEIn contemporary condensed-matter physics and materials science, a great deal of interest is focused on low-dimensional materials. The purpose of the study on lowdimensional systems is threefold: (i) the simplified description of several phenomena which take place in three-dimensional (3D) materials, (ii) the discovery of novel phenomena peculiar to low-dimensional materials, and (iii) the creation of artificial novel 3D materials composed of low-dimensional elements. The first two purposes can be summarized as "a trend from 3D to low-dimensional systems," while the last one is "a trend from low-dimensional to new 3D systems."From the standpoint of (i), low-dimensional systems are treated as expedients for understanding complicated properties of 3D materials in our real world. An exact solution of a special low-dimensional problem is often applied to higher-dimensional problems to find a guide for understanding them. The viewpoint of (ii), on the other hand, often comes from actual synthesis and experimental observation of lowdimensional materials. Experiments reveal new phenomena in such materials, which never be expected in 3D systems. Hence novel concepts and paradigms are required and created for full understanding, which, in turn, induce new experiments and synthesis of novel materials. These material-leading and paradigm-leading researches have affected each other and have been main motive powers for developing and activating the research field on low-dimensional materials.We here stress that another viewpoint of (iii) is of special importance in the present and future study on low-dimensional materials. In this view, a low-dimensional material is treated as a constituting element for creating an artificial novel 3D system (denoted here as a "3'D system") by its rearrangement. Not only the characteristics of the low-dimensional elements themselves but also the global connection and 3D networking among them play crucial roles in yielding a variety of phenomena and characteristics of 3'D materials. For example, electronic and structural phase transitions and/or cooperative phenomena depend sensitively on the way of their rearrangement in the 3D space, hence a possibility for artificial control of such phenomena will be expected. This will bring also a wide application.We should note that above three aspects of the research purpose are inseparably related to each other. Characteristics of both the low-dimensional material itself and its assembly should be clarified, then we have a guiding principle for designing and synthesizing novel artificial materials with appropriate and desired properties. This is a final goal of this field. In this respect, the purposes of (ii) and (iii) are like the two wheels of a cart in this research field.This book surveys, from the (ii) and (iii) viewpoints, recent theoretical and experimental studies on optical and electronic properties of low-dimensional materials, including some quite novel materials: artificial structures of inorganic and organic semiconductors, silicon...
We construct, numerically, stationary and spherically symmetric nontopological soliton solutions in the system composed of a complex scalar field, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field that causes spontaneous symmetry braking. It is shown that the charge of the soliton is screened by counter charge everywhere. * Electronic address: ishihara@sci.osaka-cu.ac.jp † Electronic address: taogawa@sci.osaka-cu.ac.jp 1 Potentials inspired by the super symmetric theories also allowed the nontopological soliton solutions [3,4].
We study the coupled system consisting of a complex matter scalar field, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field that causes spontaneously symmetry breaking. We show by numerical calculations that there are spherically symmetric nontopological soliton solutions. Homogeneous balls solutions, all fields take constant values inside the ball and in the vacuum state outside, appear in this system. It is shown that the homogeneous balls have the following properties: charge density of the matter scalar field is screened by counter charge cloud of the Higgs and gauge field everywhere; an arbitrary large size is allowed; energy density and pressure of the ball behave homogeneous nonrelativistic gas; a large ball is stable against dispersion into free particles and against decay into two smaller balls. * Electronic address: ishihara@sci.osaka-cu.ac.jp † Electronic address: taogawa@sci.osaka-cu.ac.jp arXiv:1901.08799v1 [hep-th]
We investigate a classical system that consists of a U(1) gauge field and a complex Higgs scalar field with a potential that breaks the symmetry spontaneously. We obtain numerical solutions of the system in the presence of a smoothly extended external source with a finite size. In the case of the source is spread wider than the mass scale of the gauge field, perfect screening of the external source occurs, namely, charge density of the source is canceled out everywhere by induced counter charge density cloud of the scalar and vector fields. Energy density induced by the cloud is also obtained.
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