METHODS: Forty female mice(4 weeks old) were randomly divided into a lifelong exercise(LE), premenopausal exercise(PE), adolescent exercise(AE) and blank control(BC) groups consisting 10 mice in each group. The mice in the LE firstly underwent swimming exercise for 12 consecutive weeks during the 5 weeks to 13 months age period, for 60 min, with the intensity of 3% of the body weight, 5 times a week; and then performed treadmill exercise until two weeks before the slaughter, for 60 min ,with the speed of 10 m/s, 4 times a week. The mice in the PE underwent treadmill exercise for 8 weeks during 30-38 weeks age period, for 60 min ,with the speed of 10 m/s, 4 times a week. The mice in the AE underwent swimming exercise for 8 weeks during 5 to 13 weeks age period , for 60 min, with the intensity of 3% of the body weight, 5 times a week. The mice in the BC underwent no exercise for the entire experiment. All animals were sacrificed by intravenous bloodletting after 11 months of feeding. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to estimate the Bone Mineral Density(BMD), Bone Mineral Content(BMC) and body composition. RESULTS: A total of 37 mice completed the study.(1) The growth rate of BMD in the AE group(0.140±0.117g/cm2/d,P<0.05) was higher than in the other groups during 13-19 weeks age period. (2) Compared with the BC group, the BMD of AE group (0.077±0.019 g/cm2, P=0.011) and LE group (0.065±0.026 g/cm 2 , P =0.011) significantly increased; the muscle mass of LE group (18.222±4.631g, P=0.003), PE group (16.500±5.798g, P=0.010) and AE group (14.700±7.917g, P =0.042) significantly increased; the fat mass and body fat rate of PE group (1.500±4.478g, P=0.003; -22.4±11.3%, P=0.00) and LE group (1.556±3.9721g, P=0.003; -23.5±7.0%, P=0.000) significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that:(1)adolescent physical activity can help mice to accumulate peak bone mass;(2) both lifelong exercise and starting exercise at an old age can help prevent fat accumulation and muscle mass reduction.
The generational changes in screen-time play vs outdoor play have affected modern youth, resulting in a low percentage of youth receiving the recommended 60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Lack of physical activity in children is considered a predictive risk factor for health complications later in life and is also linked to lower levels of selfesteem and body satisfaction. The Pediatric Inactivity Triad (PIT) has recently been proposed as a more wholistic way to examine the relationship between physical inactivity and impaired health in children. Physical inactivity, dynapenia, and physical literacy are believed to be the primary determinants of PIT. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation is to examine the efficacy of PIT to identify relationships between inactivity and negative outcomes in children. METHODS: Children (N=93; 55 males, 38 females) were recruited from local elementary schools. Handgrip strength and standing vertical leap were used to assess pediatric dynapenia. Physical literacy was assessed using the Physical Literacy Assessment of Youth (PLAYbasic) score that evaluates four motor abilities (locomotor, throwing, kicking, balance). The Evaluation of Activity Survey in Youth (EASY) questionnaire was used to assess physical inactivity. Body image perception was assessed via a measure of self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, SE) and a subset of children also completed the Social Physique Anxiety Scale for Children (SPAS-C) (N=32), a more specific measure of body image perception. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were also recorded. RESULTS: 62% of participants showed a deficit in at least 1 determinant of PIT, with 10% showing deficits in all determinants. 21% of participants were deficient in physical literacy and 33% of participants were considered to be inactive. A positive correlation was found between p=0.039). No significant correlations were found between the PIT and SE; however, a negative correlation was found between SPAS-C and the composite PLAYbasic score (r=-0.413; p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Potential negative outcomes related to inactivity can be identified by assessing the determinants of PIT. However, the relationship between PIT and body image perception requires further investigation.
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