The paper presents results from the research of the influence of the parent material on the mechanical composition of calcomelanosols, calcocambisols and terra rossa. The contents of the fine soil separates in the calcomelanosols vary depending on the subtype. The physical sand fraction (coarse sand + fine sand) in the Amo horizon amounts 44.81% in the organomineral calcomelanosols, 40.13% in the organogenic and brownised calcomelanosols 36.52%. In the (B)rz horizon in the brownised calcomelanosols it amounts 32.64%. The content of clay + silt or physical clay in the Amo horizon amounts 55.19% in the organomineral calcomelanosols, 59.87% in the organogenic and the highest content is in the brownised calcomelanosols 63.48%. The average value of this fraction in the horizon (B)rz in the brownised calcomelanosols amounts 67.36%. In the calcocambisols the average content of the fraction physical sand in the Amo horizon amounts 33.43%, and in the cambic horizon (B)rz 22.50%. In the terra rossa the fraction physical clay is represented with a greater percentage related to the physical sand fraction. In the Amo horizon, in the physical clay fraction, the clay fraction is predominant, average 43.08%, and 52.13% in the cambic horizon, and 24.90% in the Amo horizon and 19.37% in the (B)rz horizon for the silt fraction. From a research soils 36% of the soils are formed on massive limestone, 13% are formed on dolomitic limestone and bituminous marbles, 16% on plate (flat) limestone, 10% on dolomitic marbles and 12% on laminated (plate) dolomite and calcite.Key words: mechanical composition; parent material; calcomelanosols; calcocambisols; terra rossa INTRODUCTIONThe researches on the soils formed on limestones and dolomites, in the world, especially in Central and West Europe, have been taking place for a long period of time. The first soil scientist who has described these soils even before 1896 is one of the founders of the genetic pedology, the renowned Russian soil scientist [1].The knowledge of the texture of these soils has a great importance, since these soils are formed only on certain substrates (pure and compact limestones and dolomites), where all physical, physical -mechanical, chemical and biological properties greatly depend on the parent material. The mechanical composition of these soils varies extensively and depends on the mechanical composition of the residuum from which the mineral part of the soil is composed, on the character of the limestone and the dolomite (the degree of weathering and silicification), on the deposition of nearby materials (from the higher fields) and on the degree of erosion [2]. It also depends on the processes which take place within these soils during their pedogenesis and evolution, and which cause the texture differentiation.The results from the researches of [3] indicate that the hard limestones, and to a lesser extent, the dolomites, are the main parent material on which (2015) 44 terra rossa is formed with the most typical morphological, mechanical and chemical properties...
This paper is a result of many years of field and laboratory research of the soils in Crna River Basin, spread out on 497 514,81 ha, with the altitudes ranging from 150 to 2601 m above sea level with the main goal of gaining better understanding of the productive capacities of soils and soil conservation measures for their improvement. The catchment area of the Crna River is a spatial area that extends in two states in the southwest of the Republic of North Macedonia and the northern part of the Republic of Greece. The filed research of the soils and preparation of soil samples has been done according to ISO 10381-1 and ISO 10381-2 protocols. Soil samples were analysed in the laboratory: hygroscopic moisture; mechanical composition; pH of the soil solution; humus content and total nitrogen; content of carbonates; available nutrients P 2 O 5 and K 2 O. The mechanical composition and chemical properties of the soils were determined by standard methods. Physical-geographical conditions of the studied area are heterogeneous, with numerous relief forms; different expositions and inclinations, and with great differences of altitude. There are several geological formations of a very heterogeneous petrographic-mineralogical composition and climate-vegetation zones. Long-term effects of human participation should also be noted. The vast diversity of the factors required for soil formation in the catchment area of the Crna River are the reason for the formation of many different soil types as well as the lower taxonomic units. There are 14 (fourteen) different soil types distributed in the Crna River Basin together with a considerable amount of subtypes, varieties and forms. The most significant soil types are: Fluvisol and Cambisol. These types of soils are characterized by different properties (chemical, physical, physical-mechanical and productive). Therefore, they have varied effects on agricultural production (field crop, viticulture and fruit production). The aim of this research was to present combined measures of soil conservation for soils from mountain terrains, lake terraces and undulating-hilly terrains, including from sloping terrains and from plain terrains, based on the research that was implemented.
SUMMARYThe main purpose of this research was to determine the soil moisture dynamics in different irrigation regimes of tomato crop grown in Skopje region. In addition, one of the goals of this research was to determine the influence of the soil moisture dynamics on tomato yields. For this purpose, a field research was conducted in two seasons in the period from May to September with tomato crop, hybrid Optima, grown near the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food in Skopje. Five different irrigation and fertilization regimes were performed during the investigation. The first three of them were drip fertigated in every 2, 4 and 6 days, respectively (B1, B2 and B3), the fourth one was drip irrigated with conventional application of fertilizers (Ø1), while the last one was furrow irrigated with conventional application of fertilizers (Ø2). It can be seen from the results from the two year investigation that best conditions regarding the content of soil moisture, as well as highest yields were obtained at the treatments B1 and B2, which is a result of the continuous maintenance of easily available moisture in the soil over 80% of the field capacity (FC). Higher soil moisture oscillations were noticed at B3 treatment, which is a result of the irrigation interval, due to which it has produced lower average yields of 10.07 t/ha when compared to B2 in the first year, i.e. 18.46 t/ha with B1 in the second year. Our results have shown that in addition to the continuous procurement with water, the yields were highly affected by the continuous procurement with mineral nutrition, which is especially obvious when compared treatments B2 with Ø1. Most of the time during the vegetation period, the soil moisture in the control treatment Ø2 was under the 80% of FC. Despite having good irrigation interval of 7 days, such strong stresses, together with the method of applying fertilizers is one of the crucial factors that caused lower yields when compared to the treatments irrigated with the drip irrigation system.
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