In this work we investigated the possibility of using different structures of biocides to detect the stability of dispersion and the antibacterial properties of polyurethane water-dispersion coatings to combat the negative impact on materials, bio-damage, which can affect the quality of the human environment. This allows the use of polyurethane aqueous dispersions, where the constancy of aseptic conditions of quality is combined with good properties of polyurethane coatings. The oasheaters have been used in the first year of the 19th century to reduce the number of people. Coatings used dispe6rsionnye water-based polyurethane dispe6rsii complex poliefrov different structure (polietilenglikoladipinat, polietilenbutilenglikoladipinat, and polibutilenglikoladipinat polidietilenglikoladipinat) 2,4-diisocyanate, ionic agent and chain extenders, at a concentration of dry matter of 20-50% by weight. One of the most commonly used methods for determining the activity of antimicrobial agents is the method of diffusion of substances into agar. Evaluation of the activity of antimicrobial agents by this method is carried out according to the diameter of the zone of inhibition of growth of microorganisms (Escherichia Colli and Bacillus subtilis) on the surface of the substrate. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the actions of the used antimicrobial agents can be arranged in the following order: alkyltrimethylammonium chloride > didecyldimethylammonium chloride > dialkyldimethylammonium chloride. Maximum concentrations of biocides were found at which polyurethane dispersions are stable and do not coagulate: for quaternary amine compounds with one alkyl, the maximum permissible concentration is 10%, with dialkyl the maximum permissible concentration is 7.5%, with trialkyl the maximum permissible concentration is 3%. The increase in the diameter of the suppression of the growth of microorganisms is also influenced by the concentration of the polyurethane dispersion, which makes it possible to introduce antibacterial compounds much more.
The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the assessment of biodegradability of polymer based on acrylic acid and its copolymers, used as an impregnation of paper napkins, by microorganisms of soil and activated sludge biocenosis. Experimental studies were carried out with 10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001% and 0.0001% aqueous solutions of polymer based on acrylic acid. The assessment of the biodegradation ability of polyacrylates by microorganisms of soil biocenosis and activated sludge was carried out on the basis of changes in the respiratory activity of microbiocenoses under conditions of introduction into the soil and waste water, respectively, of the analyzed polymer samples based on acrylic acid and its derivatives. Based on the changes in the respiratory activity of microorganisms in the presence of polymers, it was revealed that polyacrylates are biodegradable and can be used by soil microbiocenosis and activated sludge microbiocenosis as a substrate. The results of quantitative counting of microorganisms of activated sludge by the method of limiting dilutions in the process of long-term cultivation in the presence of polymer samples correlate with the results of determining the respiratory activity of microbiocenoses and indicate the possibility of using polyacrylates by microorganisms as a substrate. In the process of experimental studies, it was proved that in the aquatic environment both large respiratory activity of microorganisms at low concentrations of the polymer and a higher inhibitory activity of the polymer at its high concentrations than in the soil are observed. The results indicate the promise of using solutions of polyacrylates as impregnation of paper napkins, since the methods of processing and disposal of used napkins meet the requirements of environmental friendliness.
1 Казанский национальный исследовательский технологический университет (КНИТУ); г. Казань, Россия; 2 Национальный исследовательский Московский государственный строительный университет (НИУ МГСУ); г. Москва, Россия А ННОТА Ц И Я Введение. Для решения проблем охраны окружающей среды и уменьшения количества полимерного мусора важным является изучение биодеградируемости полимерных материалов путем их модификации без ухудшения основных эксплуатационных характеристик. Этого можно достичь применением биоразлагаемых природных добавок. Радикальное решение -разработка полимерных материалов, которые способны сохранять свои эксплуатационные характеристики только на протяжении периода их использования. Материалы и методы. Использовалась эпоксидная диановая смола ЭД-20, отвержденная аминоалкилфенолом АФ-2. В качестве модификаторов применялись: жидкая часть масла каучукового дерева (МКД) и соевое масло (СМ) производства Вьетнама. Способность к биоразложению материалов оценивали методом Штурма по изменению дыхательной активности почвы в их присутствии. Исследовали устойчивость эпоксидных материалов к микробиологическому разрушению в почве по величине потери массы. Термостабильность эпоксидных покрытий тестировалась с помощью прибора фирмы Netzsch для синхронного термического анализа, температурный интервал составлял 25-600 °С, скорость нагрева была задана на уровне 10 °C/мин. Показатель водопоглощения определяли по ГOCT 4650-2014. Испытания по золь-гель анализу были сделаны в кипящем ацетоне на аппарате Сокслета. Износостойкость эпоксидных материалов проверялась на вертикальном оптиметре ИЗВ-1. Твердость определялась по методу Баркола. Коэффициент трения эпоксидных материалов исследовали с помощью автоматизированной машины трения Tribometer, CSM Instruments. Результаты. Использование растительных масел обусловливает заметный рост износостойкости и улучшение антифрикционных характеристик эпоксидных материалов. Растительные масла оказывают пластифицирующее действие на эпоксидные композиции, существенно ускоряют процессы биоразложения в почве эпоксидных материалов и уменьшают их устойчивость к воздействию микромицетов. Эпоксидная смола характеризуется высокой грибостойкостью, а модификация ее МКД увеличивает биодеградируемость под действием плесневелых грибов. Выводы. Применение в качестве модификатора эпоксидных материалов МКД существенно ускоряет процессы их биоразложения в почве и уменьшает устойчивость к воздействию микромицетов. Большее биоразложение модифицированных растительными маслами эпоксидных пленок имеет место при комплексном воздействии бактерий и мицелиальных грибов в составе почвенного микробиоценоза. К ЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: биоразложение, эпоксидные полимеры, растительные масла, эксплуатационные свойства, износостойкость, твердость, микромицеты, бактерии, почвенный микробиоценоз, модифицированные композиции Д Л Я Ц ИТИ РО ВА Н И Я: Готлиб E.М., Ань Нгуен, Вдовина Т.В., Ракова О.М., Соколова А.Г. Исследование биоразлагаемости модифицированных растительными маслами эпоксидных покрытий // Вестник
A comparative assessment of the currently used methods for determining the resistance of materials to the penetration of microbial suspensions is carried out. The essence of the analyzed methods consists in comparing the number of colonies of microorganisms grown through the test sample with the number of colonies of microorganisms grown on control samples. To standardize the materials, the method GOST standard 12.4.136-84 of 04/01/1990, of 01/04/1990 “Occupational safety standards system. Personal protective equipment, a method for determining the permeability of microorganisms ", establish a protection class; method ISO 22610: 2006 (R) “Surgical sheets, gowns and suits for clean rooms for patients, medical personnel and equipment used as medical devices, test method for determining the resistance to penetration of wet bacterial environments” determines the total penetration coefficient indicated in addition to the usual labeling of medical materials, and may be the interest for products to enter the international market. The methods described by researchers Ransjo U., Hambraeus A., Blom A.W., Estela C.M., Bowker K.E., MacGowan A.P., Hardy J., take place in laboratory tests for comparative studies. As a test culture was used Bacillus subtilis. Nonwovens were analyzed: three-layer Medicase RKV, Belgium and Softess Dupon, USA. The results of assessing the permeability of materials by the microbial suspension of Bacillus subtilis, obtained by various methods, correlate with each other. Medicase RKV was found to have poor barrier properties and is not resistant to microbial entry. The material Softess Dupon has good barrier properties and is relatively resistant to the penetration of microorganisms: it has a 5th grade of protection, a bacterial threat of T – 60, a coefficient of penetration through the barrier of Cvp – 0.75, a bacterial index lv – 5.67, characterized by meager growth of microorganisms upon contact of the material with bacteria for 15, 30, 60 minutes and excessive growth – upon contact for 90 minutes.
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