В отвечающей современным стандартам практике оказания медицинской помощи пациентам с онкологическими заболеваниями, основанной на биопсихосоциальном подходе, внимание уделяется психосоциальному функционированию как пациента, так и членов его семьи. Разработка эффективных моделей психосоциального сопровождения больных в процессе лечения и реабилитации предполагает научное обоснование критериев адаптации/дезадаптации, а также методов выявления и мониторинга семей, нуждающихся в различных видах психологической поддержки. Международные организации в своих руководствах по сопровождению пациентов с онкологическими заболеваниями для интегративной оценки психологического состояния предлагают применять регулярный скрининг эмоционального дистресса, определив дистресс как «шестой жизненный показатель» в дополнение к температуре тела, дыханию, артериальному давлению, пульсу и боли. В статье обобщены основные сведения о концепте «эмоциональный дистресс», проанализированы возможности и ограничения его использования в качестве критерия оценки дезадпатации в процессе лечения, показана целесообразность внедрения этого концепта и соответствующего измерительного метода в российскую практику психологического сопровождения педиатрических пациентов и их семей на разных этапах лечения. Обосновываются возможности использования данного критерия для быстрого и достоверного выявления необходимости оказания дополнительной (психологической/психиатрической) помощи по отношению к лечению основного заболевания ребенка; для отслеживания динамики эмоционального состояния пациентов и их родителей на каждом этапе лечения.
Background. Children undergoing cancer treatment face a number of emotional, physical, and other problems leading to distress that need to be identified in a timely fashion. Regular assessment of patients' and their caregivers' psychosocial health care needs during the patients' hospital stays has become the standard of psychological care. Objective. This study was conducted to determine the validity of the Distress Rating Scale (DRS) on a Russian pediatric sample. The DRS appeared to be a reliable pediatric measure of patients' distress level. Design. One hundred fifty-nine (159) children of ages 7-17 with cancer and blood disorders, 153 caregivers, and 51 physicians were included in our study. Forty-five families were reassessed as a test-retest group after a four-week interval. The DRS was validated through the use of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) by M. Kovacs and by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0). Results. The convergent validity of the DRS's Russian version was shown by the reasonable agreement between the children's distress level and standardized measure scores. The criterion validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between the children's DRS self-reports, and those of their parents and physicians. The robustness and consistency of the results in the primary and repeated assessments between the DRS, the CDI, and the PedsQL, proved the reliability of the scale. Age-specific cutoff scores were determined. Conclusion. The Russian version of the DRS is a valid tool for rapid and reliable assessment of children's emotional distress in order to identify their needs for psychological assistance in a timely manner.
The question of political repression divides society and polarizes public discourse. Understanding political repression through the prism of socio-psychological knowledge is a zone of proximal development for researchers, because the suicidal nature of repression, which A.M. Etkind points out, makes it difficult to understand terror, hinders the work of mechanisms that operate in a society that has come into contact with a catastrophe of such magnitude and duration. The study is devoted to the study of social ideas about repression, as well as emotional reactions towards repression and the repressed among the descendants of the repressed, i.e., their children and grandchildren. A total of 110 people (61.82% - females) aged 44 to 78 years, 93.63% with higher education, participated in the study. The sample included three groups: the generation of children (21 people, M = 59.52 years; SD = 9.04); the generation of grandchildren (63 people, M = 54.71 years; SD = 7.66); and the control group (26 people, M = 53.65 years; SD = 7.72). A survey in the form of a questionnaire was used, followed by a prototypical analysis of associations, which made it possible to identify the structure of ideas about repression in the three groups. To analyze emotional reactions, a factor analysis of scores on 38 scales was carried out, followed by an analysis on the new variables. The characteristics of the structure of social representations (the core and periphery zones) are consistent with the initial hypothesis that the supposedly traumatic event of repression is perceived as a personal one by the descendants but as a social one by the respondents of the control group. There were no differences in the severity of emotional reactions in relation to the category of repressions and repressed between the generations. The combined group of descendants significantly differs from the control group in the greater severity of indicators when assessing the category of repression by the factors of Anxiety, Depression and Grief, and when assessing the category of repressed by the factor of Grief. The results of the study of social ideas about the past allow us to talk about the collective memory of repression in two generations of the descendants of the repressed: in the structure of the inner world of generations of descendants, repression is a personal event of family history, colored by sorrowful feelings of varying degrees of intensity and depth.
The results of a study of professional burnout among employees of a commercial organization are presented in the article. The study involved employees of a pharmaceutical company (N=101) with different experience, higher education, aged 22 to 60 years (SD=8.62), men 21.8%, women 78.2%. Socio-demographic variables (gender, age), characteristics of professional activity (length of service, position, predominant content of work tasks, compliance of responsibilities with education) are not associated with the severity of burnout in this sample. The traits of the “dark triad” “Machiavellianism” and “psychopathy” are significantly higher in the group of more burned-out employees; the indicators on the “narcissism” scale did not show significant differences. Indicators of “proactive overcoming”, “reflexive overcoming”, and “strategic planning” turned out to be significantly higher in less burned-out employees, and the intensity of psychological defenses did not differ. Proactive coping strategies are associated with burnout in all respondents, psychopathy is associated with burnout in respondents with moderate burnout severity, and personality defense mechanisms are associated with burnout in respondents with high burnout severity. The burnout of the pharmaceutical company employees who took part in this study turned out to be associated with the psychological characteristics of the respondents, and not the characteristics of the organization of their professional activities. In particular, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, proactive coping, and psychological defenses were associated with burnout, and the connections of these psychological characteristics differ among respondents with different burnout severity. The results of the study indicate the expediency of studying the psychological factors of burnout, taking into account the severity and phase of burnout.
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