Purpose First, to evaluate inter-rater reliability when human raters estimate the reading performance of visually impaired individuals using the MNREAD acuity chart. Second, to evaluate the agreement between computer-based scoring algorithms and compare them with human rating. Methods Reading performance was measured for 101 individuals with low vision, using the Portuguese version of the MNREAD test. Seven raters estimated the maximum reading speed (MRS) and critical print size (CPS) of each individual MNREAD curve. MRS and CPS were also calculated automatically for each curve using two different algorithms: the original standard deviation method (SDev) and a non-linear mixed effects (NLME) modeling. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to estimate absolute agreement between raters and/or algorithms. Results Absolute agreement between raters was ‘excellent’ for MRS (ICC = 0.97; 95%CI [0.96, 0.98]) and ‘moderate’ to ‘good’ for CPS (ICC = 0.77; 95%CI [0.69, 0.83]). For CPS, inter-rater reliability was poorer among less experienced raters (ICC = 0.70; 95%CI [0.57, 0.80]) when compared to experienced ones (ICC = 0.82; 95%CI [0.76, 0.88]). Absolute agreement between the two algorithms was ‘excellent’ for MRS (ICC = 0.96; 95%CI [0.91, 0.98]). For CPS, the best possible agreement was found for CPS defined as the print size sustaining 80% of MRS (ICC = 0.77; 95%CI [0.68, 0.84]). Absolute agreement between raters and automated methods was ‘excellent’ for MRS (ICC = 0.96; 95% CI [0.88, 0.98] for SDev; ICC = 0.97; 95% CI [0.95, 0.98] for NLME). For CPS, absolute agreement between raters and SDev ranged from ‘poor’ to ‘good’ (ICC = 0.66; 95% CI [0.3, 0.80]), while agreement between raters and NLME was ‘good’ (ICC = 0.83; 95% CI [0.76, 0.88]). Conclusion For MRS, inter-rater reliability is excellent, even considering the possibility of noisy and/or incomplete data collected in low-vision individuals. For CPS, inter-rater reliability is lower. This may be problematic, for instance in the context of multisite investigations or follow-up examinations. The NLME method showed better agreement with the raters than the SDev method for both reading parameters. Setting up consensual guidelines to deal with ambiguous curves may help improve reliability. While the exact definition of CPS should be chosen on a case-by-case basis depending on the clinician or researcher’s motivations, evidence suggests that estimating CPS as the smallest print size sustaining about 80% of MRS would increase inter-rater reliability.

Schwannomas are rare lesions of the orbit that can be confused with cavernous hemangioma on imaging studies. We report the case of an 84-year-old woman with a 9-year history of a tumoral lesion in the inferolateral left orbit. The imaging studies did not reveal specific characteristics, only bone remodeling due to the long evolution of the tumor. The patient underwent complete excision of the tumor by anterior orbitotomy via the inferior conjunctival fornix. The histopathological examination revealed an ancient schwannoma, a variant of schwannoma with uncommon histological features. The follow-up was uneventful. The present case emphasizes the importance of considering neural tumors in the differential diagnosis of orbital masses with bone changes and degenerative alterations such as hemorrhagic areas, cysts, and/or calcifications.

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RESUMOIntrodução: A tomografia de coerência óptica é um exame que permite obter imagens de alta resolução dos tecidos in vivo, possibilitando a medição das estruturas oculares, nomeadamente a camada de fibras nervosas da retina e a espessura macular. Como método não invasivo torna-se particularmente útil em crianças, contudo a sua aplicabilidade está limitada pela existência de valores normativos apenas para adultos.Objetivo: Estabelecer na idade pediátrica valores normativos para a espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina e espessura macular, averiguando a sua influência com o género, idade, refração, lateralidade e dominância ocular. Material e Métodos:Foram submetidas a exame oftalmológico e a Cirrus HD-tomografia de coerência óptica (Carl Zeiss Meditec) 153 crianças dos quatro aos 17 anos. Resultados:Obtiveram-se valores da espessura média global da camada de fibras nervosas da retina de 97,90 µm. Não se detectaram diferenças entre géneros e com a idade, mas sim consoante a lateralidade e dominância ocular. Verificou-se um aumento da espessura com refrações positivas. Com o protocolo Macular Cube 512 x 128 verificou-se que o campo central apresentou a menor espessura (250,35 µm), apresentando os rapazes maior espessura macular. Discussão:Os valores da espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina e da espessura macular obtidos são comparáveis a estudos recentes. A distribuição da espessura por quadrantes respeita a distribuição normal da camada de fibras nervosas da retina. A espessura macular revelou-se superior no género masculino (campo central e anel interno), dados estes também concordantes com estudos prévios. Conclusão:Estabelecemos as normativas da espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina e espessura macular em crianças portuguesas saudáveis, dados estes que reestruturam a avaliação e interpretação dos parâmetros obtidos pela tomografia de coerên-cia óptica no diagnóstico de patologias pediátricas na prática clínica. Palavras-chave:Criança; Fibras Nervosas; Macula Lutea; Retina; Tomografia de Coerência Óptica. ABSTRACT Introduction:Optical coherence tomography is a technology that allows obtaining high resolution images of tissues in vivo, enabling the measurement of ocular structures, including the retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness. As a noninvasive test it's particularly useful in children, but its applicability is limited by the existence of normative values for adults only.Purpose: To establish the pediatric normative values of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and macular thickness and to investigate its relationship with sex, age, refraction, eye side and ocular dominance. Material and Methods:Ophthalmologic examination and Cirrus HD-optical coherence tomography (Carl Zeiss Meditec) were carried out on 153 children aged 4 to 17 years old.Results: We obtained a mean retinal nerve fiber layer average thickness of 97.90 µm. No significant differences were detected between genders, however the eye side and ocular dominance had significant influence on retinal nerv...

This division in amblyopia subtypes gives a new perspective of the risk factors for amblyopia, with family history and some obstetrician/neonatal outcomes appearing to be more relevant in strabismic amblyopia. Educating health care providers to recognize these risk factors can result in an early ophthalmologic referral.

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Purpose To investigate the effect of Phenylephrine test on the upper eyelid crease position. Material and Methods This study follows a prospective and analytical design and included patients with unilateral acquired involutional ptosis recruited between January 2015 and January 2018. In the Phenylephrine test, 1 drop of Phenylephrine 10% was instilled on the inferior fornix of the ptotic eye and the eyelid crease position was evaluated 10 min after. Results A total of 60 patients were included in the final sample. The mean Margin‐to‐reflex distance 1 (MRD1) of the ptotic eye was 2.1 ± 1.0 and 3.8 ± 0.6 mm before and 10 min after the instillation of Phenylephrine, respectively. The difference between the means was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Ninety‐five per cent of the eyes had a positive Phenylephrine test result. Of this, 100% showed a decrease in the height of eyelid crease after the drop. There was a statistically significant decrease in the height of eyelid crease from 10.3 ± 2.5 to 7.8 ± 2.0 mm (p < 0.001). Conclusion Phenylephrine test not only affects the eyelid position but also the eyelid crease height. We show a significative decrease in eyelid crease height to a symmetrical level with the contralateral lid in all patients that had a positive Phenylephrine test result. This effect is probably due to a posterior lamella shortening secondary to Müller’s muscle contraction and suggests that the eyelid crease is not only determined by the projections of levator aponeurosis, but also by the entire force vector of the upper eyelid retractors.

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