Biodiversity and ecosystems are important elements for addressing national and global socioeconomic and environmental crises, since they provide new development opportunities, for example, as source of job and income creation, and reduction in poverty and socioeconomic inequity. Brazilian biological diversity is also expressed in its immense cultural diversity, with a great variety of knowledge holders. These peoples possess vast knowledge on agrobiodiversity, fishing, fire management, natural medicine, among others of commercial, cultural and spiritual value. The main conclusions of this Summary for Police Makers is that land use changes and climate changes have been - and will continue to be throughout this century - the main drivers that result in the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the country. Political interventions at different levels (from local to national, from public to private) and the enforcement of existing laws (regulatory mechanisms and incentives) are required to cope with the mitigation of the negative impacts of biodiversity and ecosystem services loss. Brazil has already a wide variety of policy instruments and socioenvironmental governance options, as well as global commitments (ODS, Aich Targets, Paris Agreement) related to the objective of a sustainable future. However, inefficient management control or lack of incentive to comply with the rules pose risks to consolidating the path to this future. The country has strong and capable institutions, but infrastructural problems, slow processes, inefficient measurements and judicial, social and ecological conflicts obstruct a proficient performance. There is a lack of communication between science and society which needs to be improved by establishing an effective flow that makes communication inclusive and representative, reaching public and private decision makers. Permanent efforts to integrate Science and policy knowledges are desirable to build confidence between policy makers and researchers.

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Mobile phone use (MPU) while driving is an important road safety challenge worldwide. Naturalistic driving studies (NDS) emerged as one of the most sophisticated methodologies to investigate driver behavior; however, NDS have not been implemented in low- or middle-income countries. The aim of this research is to investigate MPU while driving and compare the results to those reported in international studies. An analysis of 61.32 h and 1350 km driven in Curitiba (Brazil) showed that MPU lasted for an average of 28.51 s (n = 627) and occurred in 58.71% of trips (n = 201) with an average frequency of 8.37 interactions per hour (n = 201). The proportion of the trip time using a mobile phone was 7.03% (n = 201), and the average instantaneous speed was 12.77 km/h (n = 627) while using the phone. Generally, drivers spent less time on more complex interactions and selected a lower speed when using the phone. MPU was observed more during short duration than longer trips. Drivers in this study engaged in a larger number of MPU compared to drivers from Netherlands and the United States; and the percentage of trip time with MPU was between North American and European values.

We attempted to identify to which extent the implicit ecosystem service values of urban green areas impact real estate values in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. The study is based on spatial econometrics techniques and hedonic price theory applied to 43 urban green areas, highlighting three units: the Airumã Private Natural Heritage Reserve, the Teresa Urban Ecological Station, and the President Getulio Vargas Refinery. Information was obtained on the structural characteristics of more than 5,300 apartments and houses. The results of exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and estimates from hedonic regression model parameters show that the presence of urban green areas contribute to the final property prices. The effects of proximity to urban green areas on the price of urban residential property are not homogeneous and stationary throughout urban spaces and can generate distinct spatial clusters of real estate prices: high-high and low-low. The used methodology proved to be efficient to assess the value of urban green areas with regard to the use of information, processing, data analysis, and results generated. Furthermore, it measured the impact of these areas on property prices and provided easily interpretable data that can be relevant for payments for ecosystem services policies at the local level.

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Urban consumption of ecosystems services such as food generates environmental impacts at different geographical scales. In the last few decades Tokyoites have shown an increasing appetite for meat. This study examines the environmental implications of Tokyo's increasing meat consumption by analyzing how this trend has affected land use and cover change in areas near and far away. Historical databases are employed in order to explore meat consumption patterns in Tokyo and to relate it with beef and pork production in areas within the country and abroad. It also integrates the historical analysis of production and consumption patterns with a discussion of the drivers (e.g., wealth, price, policies and seafood availability) behind these trends. We identified that meat production in Japan followed three distinct phases between 1877 and 2005. In the first period it took 50 years for production to increase by 50%, while during the next phase production showed the same growth in just half the time. Major changes in land use/cover change because of domestic meat production occurred mainly during the second phase and, thereafter, when domestic production declined and was substituted to a great extent by imports. Despite the increasing consumption of imported meat, Tokyo relies greatly on domestic meat produced in its neighboring prefectures. The paper concludes that regional planning can be used as an effective instrument to protect the environment and secure protein for the population of mega-urban areas such as Tokyo.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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Objetivo: Este artigo aborda arranjos institucionais e questões de participação em um estudo de caso de um dilema de comuns na esfera periurbana. Visa avaliar a robustez institucional de acordo com os oito princípios de design de Ostrom em um arranjo de Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) na Bacia do Rio Miringuava, São José dos Pinhais, Brasil.Metodologia: Utilizando análise documental e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com partes interessadas, analisamos a aplicabilidade dos oito princípios de design de Ostrom.Relevância: Nossa análise e discussão esclarecem dimensões sociais e institucionais que podem ser insuficientemente consideradas pela administração pública local.Resultados: Embora nossa análise tenha mostrado que a maioria dos princípios se aplica ao caso, favorecendo a implementação de PSA, existem divergências em termos de monitoramento, resolução de conflitos e sanções, apontando para problemas particulares de gestão de comuns periurbanos. Concluímos que PSA pode se tornar um problema de ação coletiva, representando um mecanismo para aumentar a robustez das instituições periurbanas, permitindo interpretar o Serviço Ambiental como um comum.Contribuições teóricas: O PSA para conservação de áreas florestais ocorre paralelamente a uma transição para agricultura orgânica desejada pelas organizações ambientais, mas resistida pelos agricultores locais. Embora a conservação seja justificada pela redução dos custos de tratamento de água e pelo aumento da disponibilidade hídrica, as implicações sociais desta escolha revelam-se muito mais complexas.Contribuições para a gestão: Existe a necessidade de criação de arranjos institucionais que considerem os desequilíbrios de poder e que ampliem as diferentes formas de participação nas arenas de situação-ação criadas para governança e gestão de um bem comum.