In modern soil ecology, there is a need to develop a unified approach to assessing the ecological functions of the soil cover. Analysis of publications on this topic shows that this question is open. There are many criteria for evaluation individual soil properties. However, there is no general approach to assessing the eco-functions of the soil. The purpose of the work is the development of universal criteria for evaluation the ecological functions of soils. In this paper, it is proposed to use 2 criteria for assessing the ecological functions of the soil cover. These criteria are based on the fixation of changes in properties and their favorableness to the ecosystem. The proposed criteria were used to evaluate 5 biogeocenotic soil functions. This assessment approach is acceptable for agricultural soils.
Air monitoring is most often carried out in areas with high industrial load. There are few observations of the state of atmospheric air in the territories of the "sleeping areas", where there are no industrial facilities. However, an increase in pollutant emissions can be observed in such areas. This happens for various reasons, but the main one is the increase in the number of vehicles. For the study, the location area of the Voronezh State Forestry University was selected. In this area there are university buildings and residential buildings. A highway with 2 lanes crosses from north-west to southeast. The amount of emissions of harmful substances from vehicles to the atmosphere was estimated by the calculation method. The calculations were made according to three indicators: carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO2) and hydrocarbons. A high degree of anthropogenic air pollution in the study area has been revealed.
The issues of mutual influence of forest and soil attract the attention of researchers not only in theory, but also in practice, especially in the forest-steppe and steppe regions of the country. The researchers drew attention to the rapid changes in soil properties associated with forest planting. In addition, the composition and properties of soils are affected by the rock composition of forest belts. The main chemical, physical, and physical-chemical properties of ordinary chernozems under forest stands, of different rock composition, were studied. The same indicators were investigated in the chernozems occupied by arable land. It is shown that protective forest strips do not significantly affect the physical properties of soils. Chemical and physical-chemical properties change under the influence of wood crops. The gross content and mobile compounds of heavy metals in chernozems occupied by tree species were studied. It is shown that various HM and their compounds have their own characteristics of content and intra-profile distribution. The content and distribution of heavy metals is determined by the pH value, the content and distribution of silty particles, and humus (Corg). In addition, the nature of vegetation and various types of wood species have a significant impact on the content and profile distribution of heavy metals.
The use of field-protective forest plantations in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the Central Black Earth region is an effective reclamation technique. Forest belts reduce wind speed, reduce the harmful effects of dry winds. An important feature of forest belts is the accumulation and uniform distribution of snow in the fields. This leads to an improvement in the water balance, and at the same time to the transformation of soils. According to the data obtained, a significant reliable change in chernozems under the influence of forest belts in the conditions of the Kamennaya Steppe was revealed. There was a change in morphological characteristics, humus content, pH of the soil solution in chernozems under forest vegetation. This transformation entailed a change in the total content of HMs and their exchange compounds. There are changes in the profile redistribution of the studied HMs under tree crops. Correlation analysis revealed a close relationship in the distribution of pH, humus, total content, and exchangeable HM compounds. Variational analysis of the spatial heterogeneity of the data obtained showed significant differences in the studied indicators between arable land and forest belt. There is a natural decrease in the coefficient of variation from the forest belt to arable land. This phenomenon occurs due to the fact that (in the process of plowing) mixing of the soil mass and leveling of spatial differences in the content of humus, pH, as well as the gross content and exchange compounds of HMs takes place. In the forest belt, soil conditions are determined by the vegetation, which makes the difference
The influence of various tree species of forest plantations on the soil properties of the “Kamenno-Stepnoye Experimental Forestry” (Talovsky District, Voronezh Region, Russia) is considered. The aim of the study is to reveal the degree of transformation of the properties of chernozems under various perennial plantations, since forest reclamation is the most important measure to optimize the agroecological state of soils. The researchers note that different tree species have different effects on soil properties. However, this issue is still insufficiently studied and relevant. The research results showed the positive role of tree species on the structural and aggregate state of soils and their water-physical properties. It was found that tree species contribute to the optimization of soil density, humus and moisture reserves. It was revealed that the influence of different tree species on the agroecological state of chernozems is not the same. Thus, under larch (Larix siberica Ldb.) And maple (Acer platanoides L.), the maximum increase in the level of soil humus was observed, as well as a significant improvement in the physical and water-physical properties of soils. What makes this breed the most promising for use in soil protection of the steppe zone.
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