In this article, aquatic mayflies from several wadis in Jordan are studied on their potential use as environmental indicators. Nine species of mayfly were observed in the studied wadis, encompassing Baetis monnerati, Cheleocloeon soldani, Cloeon vanharteni, Cloeon gr simile, Baetis pacis, Nigrobaetis vuatazi, Choroterpes ortali, Caenis antoniae, and Caenis macrura. Among Baetidae species, Baetis monnerati was more abundant and seems to be the most tolerant species to pollution. In addition, it tolerates water salinities of up to reach 1.000 µS/cm. Contrastingly, Baetis pacis was also observed to be the most intolerant species to pollution. The species survives in very good freshwater quality that makes it a perfect indicator of very clean water. Cloeon vanharteni live in brackish lentic habitat with dense vegetation. This species was found together with Cloeon gr simile. Both can tolerate salty water, with salinities of up to 16.000 µS/cm and tolerate in addition, organically polluted water. Furthermore, Choroterpes ortali was found to colonize slightly saline, mineralized and polluted water like Nigrobaetis vuatazi and Cheleocloeon soldani.Caenis macrura indicates clean to moderate polluted while Caenis antoniae is less pollution-tolerant, and only found in clean to weakly polluted environments. The study concludes that Baetidae mayflies can serve as powerful indicators of the environmental conditions than other mayfly families in Jordan.
The groundwater quality of Wadi Al Arab aquifer, northwest Jordan, was assessed for its high molybdenum concentrations, which reach 1.62 mg/L. This value of Mo-concentration was far beyond the Jordan Institution for Standards and Metrology (JISM) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Hydro-geochemical studies were carried out in order to assess the chemistry of the groundwater quality focusing on identifying the hydrogeochemical processes and mechanisms that are involved in the high Mo concentration. The water quality data of Wadi Al Arab boreholes (1986-2018) was collected, and the dataset analyzed. Interpretation of hydrochemical data showed that the anions are dominated by 3 HCO − with abundance order of 3 HCO − > 2 4 SO − > Cl − > 3 NO − , while the main cation is Ca 2+ , with abundance order of Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ > Na + > K + ; water type is 3 Ca-HCO −. The reason is the passage of groundwater through carbonate rocks. The distribution of the sampling points in the Gibbs diagram showed that the majority of samples are plotted within the field of rock weathering, which indicates that the main factor controlling dissolved hydrochemical components of the water samples is the dissolution of the rock-forming minerals. The scattered plot of the Mo with other critical heavy metals shows two different trend lines suggesting initiation of molybdenum to groundwater which is probably derived from oil shale and phosphate. The effects of pH and redox potential on Mo mobility in water are reviewed using the paurbaix diagram. The Mo species of the sampled wells are confined to the field of () 2 4 MoO − : anoxic/non-sulfidic condition (Fe reduction) which is located in the unconfined part of the aquifer, and () s 2 MoS which is sulfidic condition (low and high) in the confined aquifer.
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