The International Continence Society (ICS) describes incontinence as an objectively demonstrable loss of urine which is not voluntary and that is a social and/or sanitary issue. The complaint of leakage of urine, which is not voluntary on an effort made, on exertion, on sneezing or while coughing is described as Stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The intra-abdominal increases as the effort or exertion increases, and the urethral sphincter is not capable to sustain a pressure greater than the pressure applied on the urinary bladder. Eventually, leakage of urine occurs during the daily activities like lifting, laughing, jumping, while sneezing or coughing. In women, stress urinary incontinence is most common category of incontinence of urine. Even though it isn’t a lethal illness. SUI has a number of negative effects on women's quality of life, including restricting social interaction and relationship and the personal relationships but also physical activity. Cystocele is the weakness of pubocervical fascia, which makes the urinary bladder to descend downwards and backwards against the anterior wall of the vagina. If this is a not taut then it will protrude. In more extreme cases a pouch of bladder sets up which holds on to the residual urine. The conservative treatment, a nonsurgical therapy, includes ameliorating the living standards, urinary bladder training, pelvic floor muscle exercises and strengthening. Kegel exercises are the most effective form of strengthening muscles of pelvic floor in addition are a noninvasive therapy and the use of vaginal weights or cones are not included. The rehabilitation and strengthening muscles of pelvic floor is facilitated and promote urine storage. The combination of Kegel’s exercise along with other interventions for a span of six weeks has shown a significant improvement in the symptoms.
Background: The most commonly identified cancer is breast cancer. In either the lobules or the breast ducts, the cancer normally grows. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is the most common subtype. It may appear as a lump or mass; changes in the skin or nipple; breast rash or redness; or lymphadenopathy. Presenting Complains and Investigations: the patient presented with the complains of swelling and pain in the left breast in lower outer quadrant since 6 months, which was initially small in size and gradually increased and reached up this level 2x2 cm which placed in infra areolar region covering lower inner and outer quadrant. USG and cytology reports showed bilateral breast with axilla. Right breast was normal, enlarged lymph node in the right axilla measuring 15.2 x 4.6 mm with maintained hilum S/O reactive lymphadenopathy. In left breast there is E/O ill-defined taller than wider irregular hypoechoic lesion with spiculated margins, measuring approximately 15.9 x 12.4 mm in lower inner quadrant containing multiple foci of calcification within showing central vascularity OB doppler on elastography lesion is stiff, in left axilla there is E/O on enlarged USG lymph node present measuring 10.2 x 6.7 mm with maintained hilum S/O reactive lymphadenopathy. Impression of F/S/O malignant lesion in the left breast lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis: Left sided infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Therapeutic Intervention and Outcomes: Physical therapy intervention involved a variety of range of motion exercises, strengthening exercises, resistance conditioning, breathing exercises, lymphoedema treatment and scar management. This intensive outpatient program is a successful way to enhance the mobility of the shoulder and ROM during the initial 6-week treatment cycle after surgery. Shoulder range of motion was increased, patient was able to do basic activities of daily living like dressing, bathing, combing, etc. Edema was reduced. Conclusion: Shoulder stiffness after modified radical mastectomy is the commonest complication. Upper limb mobility exercises reduced the shoulder stiffness. Breathing exercises improved the respiration. Strengthening and general aerobic exercises helped the patient to get back on her normal routine.
Pandemic is an epidemic that has becomes very widespread and affects the entire vicinity, a continent, and the world because of the vulnerable population. Management of pandemic consequence puts a great load on the healthcare sector. It demands great manpower from every sector for the smooth run of the daily essential services. Health care workers play a crucial role in delivering health care services during such pandemics. Physiotherapists are the allied health care professionals which provide primary, secondary, and tertiary level of health care services. The report provides a brief idea about the different roles played by physiotherapists for restoring ability and better functioning of an individual and society as a whole during various epidemics and pandemics.
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