Airborne fungal spores are well known to cause respiratory allergic diseases particularly bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, rhino-conjunctivitis and allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis in both adults and children. In order to monitor and analyze airborne fungal flora of the Karachi environment, an aeromycological study was conducted using a Burkard 7-Day Recording Volumetric Spore Trap from January to December 2010. The data recorded from the Spore Trap was further analyzed for percent catch determination, total spores concentration, seasonal periodicities and diurnal variations. Cladosporium spp (44.8%), Alternaria spp. (15.5%), Periconia spp (6.1%), Curvularia spp (2.1%), Stemphylium spp (1.3%) and Aspergillus/Penicillium type (1%) emerged to be major components constituting more than 70% of the airborne fungal flora. Cladosporium, Curvularia and Stemphylium displayed a clear seasonal trend, while there were no clear seasonal trends for other fungal spore types. Diurnal variations were observed to be mainly having daytime maxima. Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient analysis was conducted using various weather parameters. The various fungal types showed a negative correlation with heat index, dew point, wind velocity and wind chill. However, a positive correlation was found with humidity, rain and barometric pressure. In fact, Alternaria, Bipolaris and Periconia showed a negative correlation with temperature, while Cladosporium and Periconia showed a negative correlation with heat index, dew point, wind velocity and wind chill. The barometric pressure was positively correlated with Cladosporium. On the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that a number of fungal spores are present in the atmosphere of Karachi throughout the year, with certain atmospheric conditions influencing the release, dispersion, and sedimentation processes of some genera. It is expected that clinicians will use the identified fungal flora for diagnosis and treatment and/or adopt preventative measures for allergic individuals.
Abstract:Background: Selection of specialty in medical graduates is a challenging job. Consultants and residents are suffering from some unknown discomfort. The aim of this study was to survey the resident's selection and their wish to change it and analyze the factors responsible for this wish. Methods: Cross sectional survey was done on residents of different specialty working in different hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad (Pakistan) with the help of selfmade questionnaire from 2012 to 2014. SPSS 21 was used to analyze the result. Results: We gave a total of 1200 questionnaires out of which 946 questionnaires were completely filled. Out of 946 residents, 48.5% (459) were male residents whereas 51.5 % (487) were female residents. Majority of residents 75.4% (713) did not want to change their specialty whereas 24.6% (233) wanted to change their specialty if they would have been provided with such opportunity. Patient Contact, Interesting Diseases and Hospital based careers were the 3 main reasons for selecting a particular specialty. Night duties, Clinical Work and heavy work load were the 3 main causes for having the desire to leave their current specialty. Conclusion: Awareness should be given to medical students during their MBBS program about the challenges they would face in different specialty. Proper sessions should be arranged to help students realize their actual interest and identify field which would suit their temperament.
Background: Defining hypertension in pregnancy, it is taken as systolic blood pressure of 140 or more and diastolic blood pressure of 90mg or more. Presence of proteinurea differentiates chronic hypertension and gestational hypertension from pre eclampsia .Prevalence and incidence of hypertension in pregnancy along with its complications like end-organ damage, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and postpartum eclampsia are increasing. Gestational hypertension and its sequels are major causes of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality and affect almost 8% of pregnancies. Labetalol and methyldopa were effective in reducing systolic and diastolic BP significantly but labetalol was found to control BP more rapidly and efficiently. Safety profile of both drugs was similar. The rationale of this study is Labetalol is more effective in comparison with Methyldopa in pregnancy induced hypertensive females in terms of control of blood pressure within 48hours of drug intake, in pregnant patients between POG of 28 to 32 weeks. Design: Randomized control trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gynaecology Unit 2 Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur from 1st January 2022 to 31st December 2022. Methodology: One hundred 100 patients having gestational hypertension between periods of gestation from 28to 32 weeks were enrolled. They were divided into 2 groups; group A treated with labetalol and B treated with methyldopa respectively. Results: Statistical no significant difference in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed before starting treatment in both groups but a significant fall in diastolic blood pressure was observed in group A after 48 hrs of initiation of treatment i.e., with labetalol (P = 0.007) Conclusion: Both labetalol and methyldopa reduce blood pressure in women with gestational hypertension but labetalol is more effective than methyldopa as proved by our study. Keywords: Gestational hypertension, Diastolic blood pressure, Labetalol, Methyldopa
Philosophy of neoliberal globalization is emerging from last two decades and dominating the economic policy making in most of the world economies. It is strongly advocated in UK and the USA; however, substantial resistance has limited its influence for rest of the world. For this study, the researcher used the descriptive case studies methodology to test the effectiveness of this philosophy of globalization for readymade garment sectors in Bangladesh after the setback of Rana Plaza incident. As a result, it is proved with the help of data collected from RMG workers that it is still ineffective because policies are malfunctioned. The neoliberal globalization policies adopted by the government are creating divergence and disparity among the workers and investors of the RMG Sector in a serious way.
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