We demonstrate highly selective and sensitive potentiometric ion sensors for calcium ion detection, operated without the use of a reference electrode. The sensors consist of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure-based transistor devices with chemical functionalisation of the gate area using poly (vinylchloride)-based (PVC) membranes having high selectivity towards calcium ions, Ca. The sensors exhibited stable and rapid responses when introduced to various concentrations of Ca. In both 0.01 M KCl and 0.01 M NaCl ionic strength buffer solutions, the sensors exhibited near Nernstian responses with detection limits of less than 10 M, and a linear response range between 10-10 M. Also, detection limits of less than 10 M were achieved for the sensors in both 0.01 M MgCl and 0.01 M LiCl buffer solutions. AlGaN/GaN-based devices for Ca detection demonstrate excellent selectivity and response range for a wide variety of applications. This work represents an important step towards multi-ion sensing using arrays of ion-selective field effect transistor (ISFET) devices.
With the development of modern society, there are not only many voice calls being made over wireless communication systems, but there is also a great deal of demand for data services. There are increasing demands from the general public for more information data, especially for high-speed services with elevated Gbps levels. As is well known, higher sending power is needed once data rates increase. In order to solve this problem, virtual cellular networks (VCNs) can be employed in order to reduce these peak power shifts. If a VCN works well, mobile ports will receive their own wireless signals via individual cells, and then, the signals will access core networks with the help of a central terminal. Power control can improve the power capacity in multi-hop networks. However, the use of power control will also have a negative impact on network connectivity, delay, and capacity. In order to address the problem, this paper compares specific control methods and capacities in multi-hop networks. Distributed chicken game algorithm power control (DCGAPC) methods are presented in order to reach acceptable minimum levels of network delay and maximum network capacity and connectivity. Finally, a computer simulation is implemented, and the results are shown.
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