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This study demonstrated a correlation between the number of CCR4-positive cells and villus edema formation rate. Therefore, FOS, which we inferred to show antiallergic activity for food allergy in this study and which has already been established to be safe for use as food in humans, can be considered to be potentially useful for the prevention of food allergy in pediatric patients with allergy.

Minitablets have garnered interest as a new paediatric formulation that is easier to swallow than liquid formulations. In Japan, besides the latter, fine granules are frequently used for children. We examined the swallowability of multiple drug-free minitablets and compared it with that of fine granules and liquid formulations in 40 children of two age groups (n = 20 each, aged 6–11 and 12–23 months). We compared the percentage of children who could swallow minitablets without chewing with that of children who could swallow fine granules or liquid formulations without leftover. The children who visited the paediatric department of Showa University Hospital were enrolled. Their caregivers were allowed to choose the administration method. In total, 37 out of 40 caregivers dispersed the fine granules in water. Significantly more children (80%, 95% CI: 56–94%) aged 6–11 months could swallow the minitablets than those who could swallow all the dispersed fine granules and liquid formulations (22%, 95% CI: 6–47% and 35%, 95% CI: 15–59%, respectively). No significant differences were observed in children aged 12–23 months. Hence, minitablets may be easier to swallow than dispersed fine granules and liquid formulations in children aged 6–11 months.

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Introduction: Remdesivir was originally developed to treat Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and its efficacy in treating coronavirus disease 2019 was detected during a preliminary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. It is known that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is not transmitted through human milk, but data about the presence of remdesivir in human milk have been lacking. Main issue: In this case study, we determined the human milk-to-serum drug concentration ratio and the relative dose of Remdesivir in one participant. Management: The participant, a 28-year-old primipara, was found to have Coronavirus 2 infection in 2019, 2 days after delivery. She was given Remdesivir. The Remdesivir concentration in maternal serum and human milk was measured, and the milk-to-serum drug concentration ratio was found to be low (0.089), as was the relative infant dose (0.0070). The participant could not breastfeed her infant during her Coronavirus 2 infection treatment because in Japan anyone with COVID-19 was completely quarantined. However, she was able to resume breastfeeding after discharge and breastfed her infant for 6 months with supplements. Conclusion: Given the low amount of Remdesivir in the participant’s milk, the inclusion of antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, which can be expected to protect the infant from infection, and various other benefits of human milk, suggests that breastfeeding is safe during treatment with Remdesivir.

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Background: Microwave heating can be effective in preventing cytomegalovirus infection transmitted via human milk. Temperature changes during microwaving using different containers, in different areas inside a container, or using milk from different mothers are not well studied. Research Aim: To determine temperature changes of human milk during microwaving using different containers, in different container areas, using different human milk, and in a 30-ml soft polypropylene bag (sachet) immersed in water. Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, human milk (100 ml) was poured into six different bottles. The temperature was monitored simultaneously at each bottle’s bottom and surface (microwaving at 600 W) and at nine places inside the container (microwaving at 500 W). Human milk (20 ml) from six participants was inserted into a sachet, then immersed in 80 ml of human milk or water in a bottle, and the temperatures inside and outside the sachet during microwaving (at 500 W) were monitored. Results: The temperature changes at the surface were significantly larger than those at the bottom. Temperatures at the bottoms of different bottles, of human milk from different participants, or inside and outside the sachet, did not differ significantly. No temperature outliers inside the bottle were observed. Conclusion: Microwaving at 500 W and 600 W for 60 s was not significantly different in temperature changes among different areas inside bottles or among milk from different participants. A small volume of human milk (up to 100 mL) can be heated using a sachet.

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