This paper presents the first comprehensive review on vigilance enhancement using both conventional and unconventional means, and further discusses the resulting contradictory findings. It highlights the key differences observed between the research findings and argues that variations of the experimental protocol could be a significant contributing factor towards such contradictory results. Furthermore, the paper reveals the effectiveness of unconventional means of enhancement in significant reduction of vigilance decrement compared to conventional means. Meanwhile, a discussion on the challenges of enhancement techniques is presented, with several suggested recommendations and alternative strategies to maintain an adequate level of vigilance for the task at hand. Additionally, this review provides evidence in support of the use of unconventional means of enhancement on vigilance studies, regardless of their practical challenges.

Background: Medical thoracoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure for diagnosing and treating pleural diseases especially undiagnosed exudative pleural effusion. It is cost effective and safe. The diagnostic yield in undiagnosed pleural effusion is excellent.Methods: This prospective observational study was done in Government Chest Disease hospital of Government Medical College, Srinagar during the period between December 2015 to Dec 2016.Thirty undiagnosed pleural effusion patients after thoracocentesis and who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria’s were included in the study. Medical thoracoscopy using rigid thoracoscope was started for the first time in our hospital and was done in these enrolled patients. Clinical, Thoracoscopic findings and histopathological data of the patients were collected prospectively and analysed.Results: Maximum patients were in the age group of 41-50 years. Most common Thoracoscopic finding was multiple nodules (40%) followed by sago grain infiltration (33.4%). Malignancy was the most common HPE finding of pleural biopsy (46.6%) followed by TB (33.3%). All nodules (13) turned out to be malignant while all sago grain appearance pleura (10) turned out of to be TB. The overall diagnostic yield is 80% as a whole and 96% among patients who had thoracoscopic pleural findings.Conclusions: Medical Thoracoscopy is a safe and easy outpatient procedure and an excellent diagnostic tool for undiagnosed exudative pleural effusion. The diagnostic yield is quite high and complications of procedure are negligible.

Fine Neem Seed Powder (NSP) was tested in three dozes, viz. 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% (w/w) for determination of its toxicity and detrimental effects on life stages of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Fifty gram treated and untreated (control) wheat was kept in glass jars and 10 pairs of the beetles were released in each. Mortality count was made after 72 hours. LD50 calculated as 1.841% NSP in wheat (w/w). NSP served as an Insect Growth Regulator (IGR). It was observed that at 0.5% dose, the number of larvae was not very different to control but the weight of larvae was lesser. At 1.0% dose, the number and weight of larvae were significantly reduced. At 2.0% dose, both the number and weight of larvae, pupae and adults were reduced remarkably. The insect growth inhibition was increased by increasing the dose of NSP.

A sound national defence is extremely essential for a country’s sovereignty. The geostrategic position of Pakistan and its deterrence policy against neighbouring India have generally been the reasons for stringent military financing. Defence spending affects all sectors of the economy directly or indirectly. This study aims to investigate the influence of government military expenditures on the economic growth of Pakistan over the period 1987-2016. Augmented Dickey-Fuller test has been used for checking the unit root in the data. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration has been applied to analyze the relationship between military spending and economic growth. The findings indicate that military expenditure has a positive impact on Pakistan's economic growth in the long-run, however it has negative effect on economic growth in the short-run.