Problem gambling is a global concern, and behavior analytic attention has increasingly focused on reasons for why problem gambling occurs and conditions under which it is maintained. However, limited knowledge currently exists on the process to which self-generated rules maintain gambling behaviors. Therefore, the current study assessed six recreational gamblers on a roulette game before and after discrimination training to establish a self-rule to wager on red or black. Following discrimination training, all six participants altered their response allocation among red or black and consistently responded according to the newly derived selfrule. Results maintained during 1-week follow-up sessions across all participants. Implications for clinical application of self-awareness and self-generated rule following are discussed.Implications for practice • Demonstration of how stimuli such as color can alter gambling behavior• Procedures to assist clients with changing self-rules about gambling behavior• Using self-generated rule formulation for more contextually appropriate target behaviors• Highlights how self-generated rules can be altered to change clinical target behaviors Keywords Gambling . Rule-governed behavior . Self-awarness . Behavior analysis Behavior analysis has been applied across a range of socially significant behaviors, from disruptive classroom behaviors to medication compliance and recycling. One area of recent focus is problem gambling ( While behavior analytic attention on problem gambling is growing (e.g., Witts 2013), limited knowledge currently exists on how problem gambling is established or the process to which verbal behavior in the form of self-rules is developed and subsequently maintained. Wilson and Dixon (2014) demonstrated self-tacting and subsequent self-rule following of recreational gamblers' preferences for concurrently available coin options on a slot machine. Six gamblers were asked to (a) tact arbitrary stimuli posted on the slot machine by completing fill-in-the-blank and multiple-choice assessments;( b) wager red or silver coins on a slot machine, which had no impact on the contingencies of the game; and (c) complete a conditional discrimination training procedure to establish a three, threemember equivalence class (A1-B1-C1; A2-B2-C2; and A3-B3-C3), where the C stimuli were presented as the words "play," "red," or "silver" and "coins". Following training, transitive relationships emerged between stimulus sets A and C, as all six participants correctly tacted the rule "play red/silver coins," while five participants altered response allocation to the color coin as indicated by stimulus C2 (e.g., red or silver).Although Wilson and Dixon provided empirical support regarding the development of self-tacting, future research in this area is warranted. First, replication of the effect demonstrated by Wilson and Dixon is needed. Second, the extent to
Severe corrosion was found covering the brass beads on several beaded belts. The corrosion was a mixture of copper soaps and zinc soaps, and was so thick in some places that it completely buried the brass beads. One of these belts was chosen as a test case for cleaning. The details of the cleaning are described, as are the effects of the corrosion process on the beads and surrounding organic materials. Two supporting studies are also reported: tests of the solubility of the corrosion in a variety of organic solvents, including mixtures of ethanol and petroleum-based solvents; and tests of leather dressings and other coatings on brass, copper, and zinc coupons in various relative humidities (RH), to determine what values of RH could be recommended for storage.
Prior to the discovery in 1999 of an archaeological site near Cape Southwest, on southern Axel Heiberg Island, little was known about the movements of the ill fated 1930 German Arctic Expedition, led by Hans K.E. Krüger. What was known was based on the content of three cairn documents that spanned a period of just thirteen days. This paper presents new information that expands our knowledge of the expedition's route using catalogue labels found with geological specimens collected by Krüger and recovered from the site. The movements of the expedition over a period of 43 days are reconstructed, ten additions are made to the known itinerary, and an approximate date of the group's arrival at Cape Southwest is presented. The data show that despite concerns about the health of both Krüger and his Danish assistant, and about the weight of equipment being transported, the expedition had made good progress prior to reaching Cape Southwest.
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