This paper proposes a new density matching method based on background mismatching for tracking of nonrigid moving objects. The new tracking method extends the idea behind the original density-matching tracker, which tracks an object by finding a contour in which the photometric density sampled from the enclosed region most closely matches a model density. This method can be quite sensitive to the initial curve placements and model density. The new method eliminates these sensitivities by adding a second term to the optimization: The mismatch between the model density and the density sampled from the background. By maximizing this term, the tracking algorithm becomes significantly more robust in practice. Furthermore, we show the enhanced ability of the algorithm to deal with target objects which possess smooth or diffuse boundaries. The tracker is in the form of a partial differential equation, and is implemented using the level-set framework. Experiments on synthesized images and real video sequences show our proposed methods are effective and robust; the results are compared with several existing methods.
Facilitated by physical showrooms, many online first retailers have embarked on the practice of omni-channel retailing. This offline to online mode (information delivery offline and product fulfillment online) empowers consumers' showrooming behavior in two ways, namely, intra-product showrooming (intra-SR) and inter-product showrooming (inter-SR). As the physical showroom usually displays a partial assortment of the online products, consumer inter-SR, i.e., the behavior of inspecting one product offline but buying a different or related product online, is critical to firms' decisions. Moreover, inter-SR facilitated by the retailer's omni-channel operations changes the nature of upstream competition between manufacturers. In this article, we develop a theoretical model to investigate consumer inter-SR behavior and the information service provision in an omni-channel supply chain. Our main findings are as follows. First, consumer inter-SR benefits the manufacturer whose product is displayed online exclusively but hurts the manufacturer whose product is dual-channel displayed; inter-SR is beneficial to the omni-channel retailer only when the inter-SR intensity is not too high. Second, under the service compensation contract, the dual-channel manufacturer and the retailer can be coordinated to provide enhanced information service
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