The current standard for monitoring sleep in rats requires labor intensive surgical procedures and the implantation of chronic electrodes which have the potential to impact behavior and sleep. With the goal of developing a non-invasive method to determine sleep and wakefulness, we constructed a non-contact monitoring system to measure movement and respiratory activity using signals acquired with pulse Doppler radar and from digitized video analysis. A set of 23 frequency and time-domain features were derived from these signals and were calculated in 10 s epochs. Based on these features, a classification method for automated scoring of wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) and REM in rats was developed using a support vector machine (SVM). We then assessed the utility of the automated scoring system in discriminating wakefulness and sleep by comparing the results to standard scoring of wakefulness and sleep based on concurrently recorded EEG and EMG. Agreement between SVM automated scoring based on selected features and visual scores based on EEG and EMG were approximately 91% for wakefulness, 84% for NREM and 70% for REM. The results indicate that automated scoring based on non-invasively acquired movement and respiratory activity will be useful for studies requiring discrimination of wakefulness and sleep. However, additional information or signals will be needed to improve discrimination of NREM and REM episodes within sleep.
H displays a highly suitable step-wise water adsorption behaviour for application in adsorption driven heat pumps and chillers. For actual application, manufacturing of coatings of this material on thermally conductive surfaces is highly desired. Direct, single-step, crystallization of CAU-10-H on either metallic or anodized aluminium yields a significant amount of by-productIJs) and an inhomogeneous substrate coverage. Although adequate pretreatment of the substrates before crystallization improves the quality of obtained coatings, significant improvements are achieved only when crystal nucleation and growth are separated. More specifically, application of a reactive seeding approach with anodized aluminium leads to full coverage of the substrate surface, high MOF loading and high purity of the crystalline phase, homogeneous layer thickness, narrow crystal size distribution, and good stability in repeated water adsorptiondesorption cycles.CrystEngComm, 2015, 17, 5911-5920 | 5911This journal is † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Characterization methods and additional characterization on powder samples, bare supports and coatings obtained using either direct synthesis, reactive or thermal seeding. See
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have attracted much attention due to their better safety and flexibility. However, the low ionic conductivity and narrow electrochemical window impede their applications in PEO-based solid-state...
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