Cattle breeds have a striking effect on milk, including milk composition and technological characteristics. This study aims to compare milk composition, acidification activity, viscosity, milk dispersion system stability and casein molecular weight among three buffalo breeds in China. The technological characteristics of milk produced by three cattle breeds of river buffalo (Murrah), crossbreed 1st generation (F1), crossbreed multiple generation (FH, H≥3) buffaloes were investigated. Cattle breeds showed evident effect on milk protein, fat and total solids content, but little effect on most of buffalo casein molecular weight. Milk fat, protein content and the viscosity of buffalo milk from river buffalo were lower than those of F1 and FH, so was the buffer capacity. The viscosity was negatively correlated to temperature and concentration. Results of stability coefficient showed that milk dispersion system had the best dynamic stability characteristics under pH 6.6 and 6 times dilution, while zeta potential of Murrah milk was slightly higher than that of hybrid offspring (F1, FH). SDS-PAGE results showed that buffalo αs-casein had a slightly faster mobility than standard αs-casein; while buffalo β-casein showed a slightly slower mobility than standard β-casein. There is no clear differences in molecular weight of αs-, β-, and κ-casein among Murrah, F1 and FH.
The chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and cholinesterase inhibitory activities of three Juniperus species were studied. The contents of total phenolic and 10 phenolic compounds were highest in Juniperus rigida Sieb.et Zucc., of which catechin and cumaric acid were the predominant phenolic compounds, but were lowest in Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. GC-MS analysis showed the highest contents of essential oils were in J. rigida (92.61%), followed by Juniperus formosana Hayata (87.30%) and J. sibirica (84.89%). The a-pinene was the most dominant compound in J. rigida (23.99%) and J. formosana (9.71%), however, it has not been detected in J. sibirica. Ethanol extracts showed the higher radical scavenging capacity in ABTS, FRAP and DPPH assays than essential oils. The essential oils and ethanol extracts of J.sibirica showed the strong antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Three Juniperus species showed certain acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitions and J. formosana showed better cholinesterase inhibitory.
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