Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by the production of numerous autoantibodies and cytokines, as well as multiple organ damage. Specific B cell subsets negatively regulate immune responses and have been termed regulatory B cells (Bregs). Bregs are characterized by the production of the immunoregulatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Bregs suppress other immune cells through the secretion of these immunosuppressive cytokines and have thus been studied extensively for their potential role in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases. The progress of the research on Bregs and SLE in recent years is reviewed in this paper.
The present study aimed to examine the status and clinical significance of cluster of differentiation (CD) 19+CD24highCD38high regulatory B cells (Bregs), serum interleukin (IL)‑10, serum transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β and IL‑10 receptor (IL‑10R) expression in peripheral blood from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A total of 56 patients with SLE and 35 healthy individuals were recruited to the present study. The SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) was calculated, and other laboratory parameters were measured. Peripheral blood was collected from all participants. The frequency of CD19+CD24highCD38high Bregs and IL‑10R+ expression on circulating lymphocytes was examined by flow cytometry. The serum levels of IL‑10 and TGF‑β were measured using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. The associations between these measurements and SLEDAI or other laboratory parameters were analyzed by correlation analysis. The percentage of CD19+CD24highCD38high Bregs and the serum levels of IL‑10 were significantly increased, whereas the expression of IL‑10R on circulating lymphocytes was markedly reduced in patients with SLE compared with in healthy controls. The serum levels of TGF‑β1 were not markedly different between the groups. In addition, these factors were correlated with other SLE laboratory parameters, and inter‑correlations were presented with different degrees of significance. The percentage of CD19+CD24highCD38high Bregs was positively correlated with the percentage of IL‑10R+ lymphocytes, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of IL‑10R+ lymphocytes and serum IL‑10 levels. In addition, the percentage of IL‑10R+ lymphocytes was positively correlated with its expression level (MFI), whereas serum TGF‑β1 levels were negatively correlated with serum IL‑10 levels. The present results indicated that expansion of CD19+CD24highCD38high Bregs, upregulation of IL‑10 and deficient lymphocyte‑associated IL‑10R may serve as novel SLE biomarkers. It may be hypothesized that deficient IL‑10R expression results in compensatory enhanced IL‑10 expression, expansion of Bregs, and/or compromised Breg and IL‑10 functions, thus contributing to SLE development. Therefore, targeting the 'Bregs/IL‑10/IL‑10R' system may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of SLE.
ObjectiveThis study explored the changes of global public interest in internet search of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) based on Google Trends (GT) data, in order to reflect the characteristics of AS itself.MethodsGT was used to obtain the search popularity scores of the term ’AS’ on a global scale, between January 2004 and December 2018, under the ’health’ classification. Based on the global search data of AS provided by GT, the cosinor analysis was used to test whether there was seasonality in AS.ResultsIn general, AS related search volume demonstrated a decreasing trend from January 2004 to December 2014 and then remain stable from January 2015 to December 2018. No obvious seasonal variations were detected in AS related search volume (amplitude=1.54; phase: month=3.9; low point: month=9.9; p>0.025), which peaked in April and bottomed out in October. The top 17 rising topics were adalimumab, spondylolisthesis, Morbus, Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosis, HLA- B27 positive, Crohn’s disease, rheumatology, spondylosis, arthritis, uveitis, rheumatism, sacroiliac, psoriatic arthritis and spondylitis.ConclusionsGlobally, there is no significant seasonal variation in GT for AS. The top fast-growing topics related to AS may be beneficial for doctors to provide targeted health education of the disease to patients and their families.
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