Background:
Our aim was to review the published literature evaluating treatment approaches for chronic heart failure (HF), notably as it relates to African American patients.
Method:
We undertook a comprehensive database search (1986–2017) of PubMed, EMBASE, and Ovid/MEDLINE utilizing terms ‘African American’, ‘black’, ‘chronic heart failure’, ‘heart failure’, ‘medication’, ‘chronic therapy’, and ‘clinical trials’. Additional notable studies were obtained from
ClinicalTrials.gov
. Studies published in English that examine treatment modalities of chronic HF in African American and non-African American patients were included.
Results:
Examples of current gaps worthy of investigation include whether to maximize thiazides and calcium-channel blockers prior to adding renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors or beta blockers in HF with preserved ejection fraction; whether hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) should be initiated during earlier HF stages; whether to prioritize hydralazine/ISDN over other agents such as RAS inhibitors; varying response of African Americans to different agents within drug classes; and the role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
Conclusion:
Further studies are needed in order for consensus guidelines to clarify how best to treat this population.
Interactive software during pharmacy CE lectures for participants at remote locations within a health system was well accepted. ARS should be considered and further studied for CE lectures at institutions with remote participants.
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