Ionic
liquids (ILs) are liquid salts at ambient or lower temperatures
and consist of ions and short-lived ion pairs. They are potential
alternatives to toxic, hazardous, highly flammable, and volatile solvents
for preparing solutions, dispersions, gels, composites, and polymeric
melts. ILs have some very interesting and unique characteristics like
good chemical and thermal stability and very low vapor pressures.
They have good solvation interactions with a wide range of organic,
inorganic, and polymeric compounds. They can enhance colloidal stability
and the elasticity range of polymers. ILs are environmental friendly,
easily recyclable, and structurally similar to the conventional solvents.
For optimal performance, it is necessary to fully understand the rheological
properties of ILs and their different systems for academic interests
such as understanding the ability of ILs as processing aids particularly
in film casting, fiber spinning and spraying, comprehension of thermodynamics
and dynamics of polymer chains in ILs, analyzing the hydrodynamic
volume of dispersed polymer, polymer–ILs interactions, characterizing
the viscoelastic properties and nanophase–ILs interactions
in nanocomposite systems, analyzing the plasticization efficiency,
and the final properties of the composite system. The rheological
analysis is also important for industrial purposes particularly for
designing processing techniques and suitable operating conditions
for IL based systems. The aim of this review is to give an overview
of the rheological properties of pure ionic liquids and solutions,
dispersions, gels, composites, and melts based on ionic liquids.
Bigels are interesting semisolid formulations with better properties for different applications like cosmetics and pharmaceutical systems. Due to the mixing of two phases of different nature (polar and apolar), bigels possess some interesting features like ability to deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, better spreadability and water washability, improved permeability of drugs, enhanced hydration of stratum corneum and ability to manipulate the drug release rate.The main objective of this review article is to provide a thorough insight into the important characteristics of bigels together with the discussion on modelling of bigel systems to relate their properties with individual constituents and different parameters. Moreover, some important applications of bigels are also discussed by considering some examples from the literature.
Membrane technology has emerged as a leading tool worldwide for effective CO 2 separation because of its well-known advantages, including high surface area, compact design, ease of maintenance, environmentally friendly nature, and costeffectiveness. Polymeric and inorganic membranes are generally utilized for the separation of gas mixtures. The mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) utilizes the advantages of both polymeric and inorganic membranes to surpass the trade-off limits. The high permeability and selectivity of MMMs by incorporating different types of fillers exhibit the best performance for CO 2 separation from natural gas and other flue gases. The recent progress made in the field of MMMs having different types of fillers is emphasized. Specifically, CO 2 /CH 4 and CO 2 /N 2 separation from various types of MMMs are comprehensively reviewed that are closely relevant to natural gas purification and compositional flue gas treatment
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.