In vitiligo, chronic loss of melanocytes and consequent absence of melanin from the epidermis presents a challenge for long-term tissue maintenance. The stable vitiligo patches are known to attain an irreversible depigmented state. However, the molecular and cellular processes resulting in this remodeled tissue homeostasis is unclear. To investigate the complex interplay of inductive signals and cell intrinsic factors that support the new acquired state, we compared the matched lesional and non-lesional epidermis obtained from stable non-segmental vitiligo subjects. Hierarchical clustering of genome-wide expression of transcripts surprisingly segregated lesional and non-lesional samples in two distinct clades, despite the apparent heterogeneity in the lesions of different vitiligo subjects. Pathway enrichment showed the expected downregulation of melanogenic pathway and a significant downregulation of cornification and keratinocyte differentiation processes. These perturbations could indeed be recapitulated in the lesional epidermal tissue, including blunting of rete-ridges, thickening of stratum corneum and increase in the size of corneocytes. In addition, we identify marked increase in the putrescine levels due to the elevated expression of spermine/spermidine acetyl transferase. Our study provides insights into the intrinsic self-renewing ability of damaged lesional tissue to restore epidermal functionality in vitiligo.
We extend the notion of anti-invariant and Langrangian Riemannian submersion to the case when the total manifold is nearly Kaehler. We obtain the integrability conditions for the horizontal distribution while it is noted that the vertical distribution is always integrable. We also investigate the geometry of the foliations of the two distributions and obtain the necessary and sufficient condition for a Langrangian submersion to be totally geodesic. The decomposition theorems for the total manifold of the submersion are obtained.
Abstract. B. Sahin [12] introduced the notion of semi-invariant Riemannian submersions as a generalization of anti-invariant Riemmanian submersions [11]. As a generalization to semi-invariant Riemannian submersions we introduce the notion of generic submersion from an almost Hermitian manifold onto a Riemannian manifold and investigate the geometry of foliations which arise from the definition of a generic Riemannian submersion and find necessary and sufficient condition for total manifold to be a generic product manifold. We also find necessary and sufficient conditions for a generic submersion to be totally geodesic.
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