Despite advances in understanding the factors that cause many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), no current therapies have yielded significant results. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) have recently emerged as therapeutics for the treatment of NDs due to their antioxidant properties. This report summarizes the recent findings regarding CeONPs in treatment of various NDs, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Interest in CeONPs as a potential nanomedicine for NDs has increased due to: their ability to alter signaling pathways, small diameter allowing passage through the blood-brain barrier and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Due to these properties, CeONPs could eventually revolutionize existing treatments for NDs.
Detection of bacterial contaminants in blood and platelet concentrates (PCs) continues to be challenging in clinical settings despite available current testing methods. At the same time, it is important to detect the low bacterial contaminants present at the time of transfusion. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a dual-modal magnetofluorescent nanosensor (MFnS) by integrating magnetic relaxation and fluorescence modalities for the wide-range detection of blood-borne pathogens. In this study, functional MFnSs are designed to specifically detect Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli, two of the predominant bacterial contaminants of PCs. Specific interaction between the target pathogen and functional MFnS resulted in the change of water proton's magnetic relaxation time, indicative of sensitive detection of the target bacteria from low to high colony-forming units (CFUs). In addition, the acquired magnetic relaxation signal of the MFnS further facilitated quantitative assessment of the slow and fast growth kinetics of target pathogens. Moreover, the presence of fluorescence modality in MFnS allowed for the detection of multicontaminants. Bacterial detection was also performed in complex media including whole blood and PCs, which further demonstrated its robust detection sensitivity. Overall, our study indicated that the designer MFnS will have potential for the wide-range detection of blood-borne pathogens and features desirable qualities including timeliness, sensitivity, and specificity.
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