Study aimed to characterize the expression of antioxidant genes SOD1 and SOD2 in Chlamydia trachomatis-induced recurrent spontaneous aborters and further determine their role by in silico analysis. First void urine was collected from 130 non-pregnant women with history of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) (Group I) and 130 non-pregnant women (Group II; control) attending Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, SJH, New Delhi, India. C. trachomatis detection was performed by conventional PCR in urine. Gene expression of SOD1 and SOD2 was performed by quantitative real-time PCR. Further, its interacting partners were studied by in silico analysis. 22 patients were positive for C. trachomatis in Group I. Significant upregulation was observed for SOD2 gene in C. trachomatis-infected RSA patients while SOD1 was found to be downregulated. Increased concentration of oxidative stress biomarkers 8-hydroxyguanosine and 8-isoprostane was found in C. trachomatis-infected RSA patients. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) of SOD proteins and its interacting partners viz.; CCS, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3, GPX4, GPX5, GPX7, GPX8, CAT, PRDX1, TXN, SIRT3, FOXO3, and AKT1 were found to be involved in MAPK, p53 and foxo signaling pathways. Molecular pathways involved in association with SODs indicate reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, apoptotic pathways and cell cycle regulation. Overall data revealed alleviated levels of SOD2 gene and decreased expression of SOD1 gene in response to C. trachomatis-infection leading to production of oxidative stress and RSA.
Mechanism of Chlamydia trachomatis causing tubal ectopic pregnancy (EP) is not well understood. Tetraspanins (tspans), activin-A and inhibin-A might play role in development of pathological conditions leading to EP. The study aimed to elucidate the expression of tspans, activin-A and inhibin-A with role of associated cytokines in C. trachomatis-associated EP and analyze interacting partners of DEGs, with expression of few important interacting genes. Fallopian tissue and serum were collected from 100 EP (Group I) and 100 controls (Group II) from SJH, New Delhi, India. Detection of C. trachomatis was done by PCR and IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA. Expression of tspans, activin-A and inhibin-A and cytokines was analyzed by RT-PCR and their interacting genes was assessed by STRING. Expression of few disease-associated interacting genes was studied by RT-PCR. 29% (Group I) were C. trachomatis positive. Tspans and activin-A were significantly upregulated while inhibin-A was significantly downregulated in Group Ia. ITGA1, TLR-2, ITGB2, Smad-3 were few interacting genes. Expression of ITGA1, TLR-2 and Smad-3 was significantly upregulated in C. trachomatis positive-EP. Results suggested dysregulated tspans, activin-A and inhibin-A might play role in C. trachomatis-infected tubal EP.
Mullerian cysts are usually small, ranging from 0.1 to 2 cm in diameter. Rarely, they may be enlarged and mistaken for other structures such as uterovaginal prolapse/cystocele/rectocele or urethral diverticulum. Posterior vaginal wall cyst is a very rare case. We present a case of patient presenting with mass coming out from vagina, which, after clinical evaluation and USG, was diagnosed as a Gartner's cyst. Gartner's duct cyst is a derivative of Wolffian duct (mesonephric duct) in females. Assessment of the lesion via history taking and pelvic examination is important to confirm both the lesion's size and location, but appropriate clinical evaluation supported with investigations clinched the diagnosis easily.
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