Summary :The stem bark of Zanthoxylum rubescens (syn. Fagara rubescens) is used for treating fevers associated with malaria in the Ivory Coast. Three alkaloids: N-nornitidine, 7,9-dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxybenzophenanthridine, and bis[6-(5,6-dihydrochelerythrinyl)] ether; and two amides: zanthomamide and lemairamide, were isolated from the stem bark of this plant. These compounds were screened in vitro against the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain and the chloroquine-resistant FCM29 strain of P. falciparum. N-nornitidine was found to be inactive. 7,9-dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxybenzophenanthridine, lemairamide and zanthomamide showed weak activity with average IC 50 values ranging from 45.6 µM to 149.9 µM. Bis [6-(5,6-dihydrochelerythrinyl)] ether was the most active of the tested compounds with mean IC 50s of 14.9 ± 1.4 µM in FCM29 strain and 15.3 ± 3.4 µM in 3D7 strain (~58 to ~1130 times less active than chloroquine respectively). The anti-Plasmodium activities of the tested alkaloids of Z. rubescens were low; and do not encourage the use of this plant as antimalarial. (N-nornitidine, 7,9-dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxybenzophenanthridine et bis[6-(5,6-dihydrochelerythrinyl) (Fish et al., 1974), or to prevent abortion in pregnant women (Penali, personal communication). Since bitter compounds such as alkaloids have shown antiplasmodial activity (Addae- Kyereme et al., 2001;Andrade-Neto et al., 2003;Kassim et al., 2005;Randrianarivelojosia et al., 2003;Sener et al., 2003), we isolated and assessed the in vitro antiplasmodial properties of alkaloids and amides from, Z. rubescens. The purpose of the investigation was to identify the schizonticidal effects of these compounds against P. falciparum. Résumé MATERIALS AND METHODS PLANT MATERIALT he stem bark of Zanthoxylum rubescens Planch.Ex. Hook f. (syn. Fagara rubescens Engl.) (Rutaceae) was collected from the Lamto forest in the M alaria, known as djèkoidjo or ahankan according to Baoulé and Agnis dialects, remains a major public health problem in the Ivory Coast. Our ethnobotanical survey in the southern part of the country (Aboisso region) revealed that the decoction from the stem bark of Zanthoxylum rubescens -an Ivorian indigenous plant -is used to treat and to prevent djèkoidjo (mainly fever). Also, this plant is CHEMICAL ANALYSISAir dried, milled stem bark of Zanthoxylum rubescens (562.6 g) was extracted successively with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hours with each solvent. Isolation and purification of compounds from the crude extracts were performed using gravity column chromatography over silica gel (Merck Art. 9385). Thin layer chromatographic analysis was carried out on 0.2 mm silicagel, aluminium-backed plates (Merck Art. 5554) and spots were visualized under UV light and then by spraying with anisaldehyde spray reagent followed by heating. The hexane extract was separated using a hexane/ethyl acetate solvent mixture (85/15); the dichloromethane extract was separated with a dichloromethane/methan...
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Parasitic biobank of Plasmodium falciparum is almost germinal in Côte d’Ivoire. However, several high-level research topics on this parasite involve the taking into account of nature isolates but also chemo-sensitive or resistant reference strains for a better validation of results. In addition, acquisition of these reference strains is still arduous for laboratories in developing countries due to complexity of administrative procedures. For those reasons, this study aimed in to combine several procedures into a consolidated one in order to enhance the multiplication of P. falciparum reference strains. Continuous culture of plasmodial strains was based on the Trager and Jensen procedures. The CELL culture protocols used are those of the Swiss TPH described by Sergio Wittlin; the “Growing Plasmodium falciparum cultures at high parasitemia” and the “Stockholm sorbitol method” of Methods in Malaria Research-6th edition 2013; and the INV-01 and INV-02 procedures of the Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN). Reference Plasmodium falciparum strains NF54 sensitive to chloroquine (CQs) and K1 resistant to chloroquine (CQr) were received from the Swiss Tropical Institute and Public Health (Swiss TPH). The CQs NF54 strain reacted more quickly to the protocol unlike the CQr K1 strain. Parasitic densities (DP) obtained with NF54 strain were ranged from 0.4% at day zero (D0) to 11.4% at day eight (D8). Strain K1 finally adapted successfully after one month of follow-up. Related DPs ranged from less than 0.1% to more than 20% in just three growth cycles after adaptation. A joint protocol (from this work) called “CRLP-SwissTPH-Pasteur_001” is available and allows to efficiently multiply reference strains NF54 and K1. It is planned to spread out the tests to other plasmodial strains as well as to wild isolates in order to standardize this procedure.
The uses of different parts of the plant Terminalia glaucescens in traditional medicine is well known in some African countries. Thus, the methanol or aqueous extract of plant leaves or roots was pharmacologically studied for its benefit effects in malaria, diabetes, cardiac and hepatic diseases. However, there is no investigation in probable adverse effect in order to determine safety dose for human users. In consequence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate both acute and sub-acute toxicity of methanol extract of Terminalia glaucescens leaves in Swiss mice following single oral and repetitive administration. As results, the oral LD50 of the preparation in Swiss mice was found to be greater than 2500 mg/kg body weight (bw). In the repetitive toxicity study, Swiss mice (10/sex/group) were administered via oral gavage 0 (control), 13.90 (traditional therapeutic dose for malaria) and high dose 1390 mg/kg bw/day of the plant leaves extract for 15 days. Administration of the plant leaves preparation did not result in any toxicologically significant treatment-related changes in clinical (including behavioral) observations. Interestingly, benefit effects have been observed in body weights for therapeutic dose (13.90 mg/kg bw/day) and some organs weight such as kidney and spleen (for females) were increased. Hepatoprotection and hypolipidemic actions have been observed with serum ALT and lipids (total cholesterol and triglycerides) decrease in mice having received therapeutic dose (13.90 mg/kg bw/day). In addition, benefit effect has been observed in hemoglobin amount in animal treated by therapeutic dose. In parallel, precocious adverse effects have been observed with high dose of 1390 mg/kg bw/day in body weights and hemoglobin amounts and leukocytes cells number which were decreased when compared to control (p<0.01). This leucopenia was not linked to lymphocytes because they stayed unchanged. Probable neutropenia or myelotoxic effect could be the etiology of such leucopenia. Based on the results of this study, the No Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) for methanol extract of Terminalia glaucescens leaves in Swiss mice could be near but under 1390mg/kg bw/ day.
Mosquitoes have developed resistance, hence the need for anti-malarial medicines. This resistance calls for therapeutic an interest to therapeutic alternatives, including the medicinal plants. An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted amongst 15 Traditional Healers, recommended by the National Program for the Promotion of Traditional Medicine using semi-structured interviews in the city of Bouna. The ethnobotanical survey conducted in 2019 has enabled the identification of 32 plant species belonging to 30 genera and grouped into 19 families. The most represented families were Fabaceae (5 species) Anacardiaceae (4 species), Annonaceae (3 species), Rubiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Asteraceae, and Combretaceae with 2 species each. The species were mostly trees (63.63%). Leaves were the most frequently used parts of the plants (44.4%). The results of our investigations show that the most used mode is the decoction (42.22%). The oral route (60%) is the most used mode of administration. These species complete the non-exhaustive list of medicinal plants that the populations of Cote d'Ivoire use. It was found out that, people in this area commonly use medicinal plants with trust they have built on the curative outcome witnessed. However, this creates a further work to test for the antiplasmodial activity and to develop of Traditional Improved Medicines (MTAs).
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