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Background: Whole sediment contact tests provide realistic exposure scenarios, but the inherent properties of sediments may play a significant role in organism's response and interfere with result interpretation. Recently, a sediment contact test with a rooted aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum aquaticum has been standardized. The present study aims to distinguish between effects of basic sediment properties and sediment-bound pollutants on M. aquaticum growth and evaluate the method as a tool in sediment quality assessment. Tests with artificial sediments with different organic matter, sand and clay content, as well as freshwater sediments with different levels of contamination were conducted. Results: Results were based on comparison to the standard artificial control sediment. Organic matter content and grain size distribution in different variants of artificial sediments significantly affected M. aquaticum growth. Growth was impaired in formulations with low (1%) and high (10%) organic matter content, while better growth of plants compared to control was recorded in artificial samples with higher fine particles content. Because of the presence of unmeasured pollutants in freshwater sediments and inherent sediment properties, results of the M. aquaticum sediment contact tests were not always in accordance with the results of chemical analysis. Whorl, shoot and root parameters had different variability and showed a particular growth pattern in natural sediments. If the threshold of 20% for sediment toxicity is applied, then about 60% of tested natural sediments may be considered as toxic. As sediment structure may influence plant growth, this interpretation may be false as the physico-chemical properties of the control sediment used for comparison are considerably different from the properties of natural sediments. Conclusions: Since inherent properties showed a significant effect on plant growth, the use of suitable controls more similar to tested natural sediments is advisable. To avoid over-, but also under-estimations, the use of the strict toxicity threshold of 20% or even higher inhibition for this test can be recommended, provided the statistical power of the test is high. The results of this study might contribute to the ongoing process of including effect-based methods in water quality monitoring under the Water Framework Directive.

Sažetak:Zdravstvena pismenost predstavlja stepen u kojem pojedinci imaju sposobnost da prime, obrade i razumeju osnovnu zdravstvenu informaciju i usluge neophodne da se donesu odgovarajuće zdravstvene odluke. Rak kože se u velikoj meri može sprečiti izbegavanjem izlaganja nebezbednom ultraljubičastom zračenju. Zdravstvena pismenost poprima sve veću pažnju, ali njen uticaj na donošenje odluka o sunčanju još uvek nije dovoljno istražen. Cilj rada: Istražiti i prikazati metode za procenu zdravstvene pismenosti pacijenata u vezi sa rakom kože i zaštite od sunca, a specifičan cilj je analiza instrumenata za kvantitativnu procenu zdravstvene pismenosti. Materijal i metode: Prikupljanje publikacija u vezi sa zdravstvenom pismenošću pacijenata i rakom kože izvršeno je pretragom literature, a za svaki instrument kojim se vrši procena zdravstvene pismenosti ispitanika u vezi sa rakom kože dat je njegov sadržaj i opis. Metodom komparacije urađeno je poređenje tri instrumenta od ukupno deset koji su opisani u našem radu. S-TOFHLA, CHLCC i Braun i Clarke (2006) metode 6-fazne tematske analize su instrumenti korišćeni za analizu zdravstvene pismenosti ispitanika u vezi sa rakom kože. Međutim, u dva rada su iskorišćena tri pitanja preuzeta iz S-TOFHLA testa sa ciljem procene opšte zdravstvene pismenosti pacijenata. Najčešće je korišćena i kvantitativna i kvalitativna analiza. Naš rad pokazuje da postoji inicijativa u svetu za podizanjem svesti i zdravstvene pismenosti u vezi sa rizikom od oboljevanja od raka kože preko korišćenja nekoliko tipova instrumenata, što rezultuje promenom stavova u vezi sunčanja i sticanja tena i namerom o promeni ponašanja u vezi zaštite od izlaganju suncu. Ključne reči: zdravstvena pismenost, rak kože, metode za procenu zdravstvene pismenosti pacijenata u vezi sa rakom kože i zaštite od sunca. Summary:Health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. Skin cancer can largely be prevented by avoiding exposure to unsafe ultraviolet radiation. The attention given to health literacy is growing, but its impact on decision-making on sunbathing has not yet been sufficiently researched. Aim of the study: To explore and show the methods for the assessment of health literacy of patients in relation to skin cancer and sun protection, and the specific aim is the analysis of instruments for the quantitative assessment of health literacy. Materials and Methods: The collection of publications related to health literacy of patients and skin cancer was performed by literature search, and the content and description were given for each instrument that used for the estimation of health literacy of respondents regarding skin cancer. The comparison of the three instruments out of ten that are described in our work was done by the method of comparison. S-TOFHLA, CHLCC and Braun and Clarke's (2006) sixphase thematic analysis methods are the instruments used to analyze health literacy of ...