The paper explores the existence of cognitive linguistics principles in translation of emotion-related metaphorical expressions. Cognitive linguists (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980;Lakoff, 1987) define metaphor as a mechanism used for understanding one conceptual domain, target domain, in terms of another conceptual domain, source domain, through sets of correspondences between these two domains. They also claim that metaphor is omnipresent in ordinary discourse. Cognitive linguists, however, also realized that certain metaphors can be recognized and identified in different languages and cultures whereas some are language-and culture-specific. This paper focuses on similarities and variations in metaphors which have recently become popular within the discipline of Translation Studies. Transferring and translating metaphors from one language to another can represent a challenge for translators due to a multi-faceted process of translation including both linguistic and non-linguistic elements. A number of methods and procedures have been developed to overcome potential difficulties in translating metaphorical expressions, with the most frequent ones being substitution, paraphrase, or deletion. The analysis shows the transformation of metaphorical expressions from one language into another and the procedures involving underlying conceptual metaphors, native speaker competence, and the influence of the source language.
In the context of English as a global language, and Netspeak as a new electronic medium of communication, the present paper examines the linguistic properties and distinctive features of online communication in postponed time, bearing in mind that synchronicity is one of the dimensions upon which electronic communication can be categorised. This corpus-based study, for which data were collected from several Internet sites, places particular focus on the features of English used in asynchronous settings. The analysis, based on the model proposed by David Crystal (2001), portrays a number of highly distinctive features of Netspeak, proving an immense impact of thethis type of commucniation in terms of graphology (emoticons, punctuation) and the lexicon (blending, compounding), these being areas where it is relatively easy to introduce both innovation (nonce formation and other ludic Netspeak extensions) and deviation (abbreviations, acronyms).
Many scholars have so far attempted to answer the question as to what constitutes translation competence. In doing so, it has been established that this competence requires a combination of various types of knowledge and skills, which consequently results in the complexity of the matter. It is precisely this complexity that has yielded in a number of approaches to defining and analyzing translation competence, which is considered to be a number one prerequisite for a successful professional in this field.Since many scholars who study translation competence agree that it is most effectively developed at an academic institution, modern language faculties that educate future translators and interpreters need to adapt their curricula so as to increase students’ translation competence and skills. This article looks at one of the possible ways in which translation classes have been designed in order to pursue this goal. It explores students’ perceptions on the presence of a native English speaker during translation classes and direct benefits (or the lack thereof) and presents possible guidelines for the improvement of translation classes.
Tonometry is a method for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP). Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) represents a golden standard for measuring IOP. The measurement is conducted by measuring the force needed to straighten out a certain area of the cornea. Errors do occur when using the GAT method: inadequate shape and arrangement of fluorescent pictures, bulbar pressure, wrong calibration, astigmatism, corneal pathology (edema, distortion, central corneal thickness), body posture, obesity, the Valsalva maneuver. Modifications of Goldmann's applanation tonometry are methods by Dreger, Perkins and Halberg. Alternative ways to measure IOP are: the digital method and the impression method using Schiotz tonometer. The dynamic contact tonometry(DCT, PASCAL) uses contact, but is a non-applanation method of measuring IOP. It is based on the matching shapes of the head of the tonometer and the cornea, enabling the head of the tonometer to take on the role of the bulbar sheath. Therefore, it directly measures the force transferred onto the bulbar sheath, which is the result of IOP. DCT is an ophthalmology device available commercially since 2004 that measures IOP directly by measuring dynamic pulsatile fluctuations in IOP using a piezoelectric sensor embedded into the tip that touches the cornea. Other tonometry methods are: a) pneumotonometry, b) Ocular Blood flow (OBF), c) non contact tonometry: Grolman's air tonometer, Air-puff tonometer, Ocular Response Analyser (ORA), d) Mackay-Marg electric tonometer, Tono-Pen, Proview Phosphene tonometer, Rebound tonometar. Goldmann applanation tonometry continues to be the golden standard in measuring IOP. It is exact, but not too precise. If more precise measurements are needed other methods of measuring IOP are available.
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