The rate-determining step in the hydroformylation of 1-octene, catalysed by the rhodium-Xantphos catalyst system, was determined by using a combination of experimentally determined (1)H/(2)H and (12)C/(13)C kinetic isotope effects and a theoretical approach. From the rates of hydroformylation and deuterioformylation, a small (1)H/(2)H isotope effect of 1.2 was determined for the hydride moiety of the rhodium catalyst. (12)C/(13)C isotope effects of 1.012(1) and 1.012(3) for the alpha-carbon and beta-carbon atoms of 1-octene were determined, respectively. Both quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and full quantum mechanics calculations were carried out on the key catalytic steps, for "real-world" ligand systems, to clarify whether alkene coordination or hydride migration is the rate-determining step. Our calculations (21.4 kcal mol(-1)) quantitatively reproduce the experimental energy barrier for CO dissociation (20.1 kcal mol(-1)) starting at the (bisphosphane)RhH(CO)(2) resting state. The barrier for hydride migration lies 3.8 kcal mol(-1) higher than the barrier for CO dissociation (experimentally determined trend approximately 3 kcal mol(-1)). The computed (1)H/(2)H and (12)C/(13)C kinetic isotope effects corroborate the results of the energy analysis.
Reaction of the transient phosphinidene complexes R‐PW(CO)5 with N‐substituted‐diphenylketenimines leads unexpectedly to the novel 2‐aminophosphindoles, as confirmed by an X‐ray crystal structure determined for one of the derivatives. Experimental evidence for a methylene‐azaphosphirane intermediate was found by using the iron‐complexed phosphinidene iPr2N‐PFe(CO)4, which affords the 2‐aminophosphindole together with the novel methylene‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[1,3]azaphosphole. Analysis of the reaction pathways with DFT indicates that the initially formed methylene‐azaphosphirane yields both phosphorus heterocycles by way of a [1,5]‐ or [1,3]‐sigmatropic shift, respectively, followed by a H‐shift. Strain underlies both rearrangements, which causes these remarkably selective conversions that can be tuned by changing the substituents.
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