Indiscriminate use of antibiotics has resulted in a catastrophic increase in the levels of antibiotic resistance in India. Hospitals treat critical bacterial infections and thus can serve as reservoirs of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Hence, this study was conducted to gauge the prevalence patterns of MDR bacteria in hospital wastewater. Water samples collected from 11 hospitals and 4 environmental sources belonging to 5 most-densely populated districts of West Bengal, India were grown on MacConkey and Eosin Methylene Blue agar. A total of 84 (hospital-associated = 70, environmental water sources = 14) isolates were characterized. The predominant species found in water from hospital-associated areas (HAA) were Acinetobacter baumannii (22.9%), Escherichia coli (28.6 %), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.7%). Greater than 75% of the HAA isolates were found to be mcr-1 gene negative and colistinresistant. Meropenem non-susceptibility was also high among the HAA isolates at 58.6%, with the presence of the carbapenemase gene and blaNDM in 67.1% of the non-susceptible isolates. Among the three predominant species, significantly higher numbers of E. coli isolates were found to be non-susceptible to meropenem ((80%), p-value = 0.00432) and amikacin (AK (90%), p-value = 0.00037). This study provides evidence for the presence of high numbers of colistin-resistant and carbapenem-hydrolyzing Proteobacteriain hospital wastewater.
: Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae has been highlighted to be a critical pathogen by the World Health Organization. The objectives of this study were to assess the efficacy of lactic acid (LA) against planktonic cells and biofilms formed by carbapenem-hydrolyzing K. pneumoniae isolates obtained from the nares of preterm neonates. Time-kill assays with graded percentages of (v/v) LA in water were initially carried out against planktonic cells of a meropenem (MRP)-resistant K. pneumoniae isolate, JNM11.C4. The efficacy parameters such as optimal incubation time and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined by comparing colony-forming unit counts (log(10)CFU). Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize cell damage. Likewise, JNM11.C4 biofilms were treated with graded series of (v/v) LA. Six carbapenem-hydrolyzing isolates were next used to validate the results. A reduction of 3.6 ± 0.6 log(10) CFU/mL in JNM11.C4 planktonic cells and >3 ± 0.03log(10) CFU/mL in biofilm-forming cells were observed using 0.225% and 2% LA, respectively, after three hours. Similar decreases in viable cell-counts were observed both in the case of planktonic (˃3.6 ± 0.3log(10) CFU/mL) and biofilm-forming cells (3.8 ± 0.3log(10) CFU/mL) across all the six clinical isolates. These results indicate that LA is an effective antimicrobial against planktonic carbapenem-hydrolyzing K. pneumoniae cells and biofilms.
Background: Arsenic containing drugs Rasamanikya (RM) and Haratal Bhasma (HB) are used in Ayurveda for the treatment of several ailments. They are prepared from raw Haratal (RH) by the distinct Ayurvedic procedure. Hence, proper scientific validation by physico-chemical studies is needed for their acceptability to the modern scientific community. Methods: RM and HB were prepared from RH. Namburi Phased spot test (NST) study was done to check the quality of prepared drugs. Loss on drying, extractive values, ash values was performed over the said two arsenic containing drugs. Sophisticated instrumental analysis like XRD, TEM, TGA, DTA, EDAX, AAS, etc. were studied to understand the crystal profiles, particle size, thermo stability, chemical microanalysis, trace elemental analysis of the drugs respectively. Results: XRD analysis of both RM and RH showed that they were comparatively amorphous in their structure. RH contains trace amount of lead which was confirmed by AAS analysis. TEM Image of HB showed that average particle size is 100nm. It is highly irregular in shape and is homogeneously distributed. While in the case of RM, images revealed that it is highly agglomerated to form small globules. Particles size is about 200nm. EDAX analysis revealed that RH contains Arsenic and Sulphur with wt% of Arsenic is 72.04% and sulphur is 27.96%. In HB wt % of Arsenic is 58.69% and sulphur is 11.69%. RM contains 41.77% wt % of Arsenic and 15.81% of sulphur. Both RM and HB also contain oxygen, carbon, silicon, etc. The DTA plot showed two endothermic peaks in the range of 300 to 600oc in the three samples of RH, HB and RM. Conclusion: Thus an attempt has been made for creating a comparative database of two such drugs by the incorporating modern analytical methods. It can be concluded that there were minimal comparative differences found in the HB and RM but HB showed better results from the standardization point of view.
Staphylococcus haemolyticus has emerged to be a frequently encountered late-onset sepsis pathogen among newborn infants. Critical care of neonates involves substantial usage of antibiotics and these pathogens are often exposed to sub-optimal doses of antibiotics which can augment maintenance of selection determinants and a range of physiological effects, prime among them being biofilm formation. Therefore, in this study, the outcome of a sub-inhibitory dosage of a commonly prescribed third-generation antibiotic, cefotaxime (CTX), on multidrug resistant (MDR) S. haemolyticus, was investigated. A total of 19 CTX-resistant, MDR and 5 CTX-susceptible strains isolated from neonates were included. Biofilm-forming abilities of S. haemolyticus isolates in the presence of sub-optimal CTX (30 μg/mL) were determined by crystal violet assays and extracellular DNA (eDNA) quantitation. CTX was found to significantly enhance biofilm production among the non-susceptible isolates (p-valueWilcoxintest—0.000008) with an increase in eDNA levels (p-valueWilcoxintest—0.000004). Further, in the absence of antibiotic selection in vitro, populations of MDR isolates, JNM56C1 and JNM60C2 remained antibiotic non-susceptible after >500 generations of growth. These findings demonstrate that sub-optimal concentration of CTX induces biofilm formation and short-term non-exposure to antibiotics does not alter non-susceptibility among S. haemolyticus isolates under the tested conditions.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.