Both amniotic membrane transplantation and conventional management (tarsorrhaphy or bandage contact lens) are effective treatment modalities for refractory neurotrophic corneal ulcers.

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Purpose:To determine the magnitude and pattern of refractive errors among patients attending the ophthalmology department of a new medical college in North-East India.Materials and Methods:A prospective study of the new patients (age ≥5 years), who were phakic and whose unaided visual acuities were worse than 20/20 but improved with pinhole, was done. Complete ophthalmic examination and refraction with appropriate cycloplegia for age were done for the 4582 eligible patients. Spherical equivalents (SE) of refractive errors of the right eyes were used for analysis.Results:Of the 4582 eligible patients, 2546 patients had refractive errors (55.56%). The proportion of emmetropia (SE − 0.50–+0.50 diopter sphere [DS]), myopia (SE <−0.50 DS), high myopia (SE >−5.0 DS), and hypermetropia (>+0.50 DS for adults and >+2.0 DS for children) were 53.1%, 27.4%, 2.6%, and 16.9%, respectively. The proportion of hyperopia increased till 59 years and then decreased with age (P = 0.000). The proportion of myopia and high myopia decreased significantly with age after 39 years (P = 0.000 and P = 0.004, respectively). Of the 1510 patients with astigmatism, 17% had with-the-rule (WTR), 23.4% had against-the-rule (ATR), and 19% had oblique astigmatisms. The proportion of WTR and ATR astigmatisms significantly decreased (P = 0.000) and increased (P = 0.000) with age, respectively.Conclusions:This study has provided the magnitude and pattern of refractive errors in the study population. It will serve as the initial step for conducting community-based studies on the prevalence of refractive errors in this part of the country since such data are lacking from this region. Moreover, this study will help the primary care physicians to have an overview of the magnitude and pattern of refractive errors presenting to a health-care center as refractive error is an established and significant public health problem worldwide.

ObjectivesThis study was done to determine the effect of multiparity and prolonged lactation on bone mineral density (BMD).MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 196 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women aged 40 to 60 years old. Age, body mass index (BMI), menopausal status, duration of menopause, parity and total duration of lactation, nutritional history were recorded. Lumbar spine (LS; L2-L4) and femur neck (FN) BMD were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Correlation of parity and lactation with BMD were investigated using multiple regression analysis.ResultsParity was inversely correlated to BMD for LS (β = −0.266, P = 0.001) and FN (β = −0.380, P = 0.000). This relation remained significant even after adjusting for age, BMI and duration of menopause. Duration of lactation was inversely correlated with BMD for LS (β = −0.271, P = 0.001) but no for FN (β = −0.124, P = 0.130).ConclusionsMultiparity and prolonged lactation have negative impact on BMD especially with in a socioeconomic group whose nutritional intake is borderline. Our data support that parity and duration of lactation can be associated with future osteoporosis.

In our study, FCM was very effective in improving Hb concentration as well as in early replenishment of iron stores in patients with PPA. Large doses given in a short period of time not only save hospital resources but also improve patient satisfaction. It has significant benefit for use in the outpatient department. From this study, we can recommend its use in post-partum women with iron-deficiency anaemia.

Introduction: Conjunctival Autograft (CAG) in pterygium surgery can be attached by sutures or fibrin glue or autologous in situ blood coagulum. Recurrence rate and other parameters related to pterygium surgery between CAG with sutures and autologous in situ blood coagulum have not been compared uniformly in advanced pterygia alone.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the ocular biometry characteristics and corneal astigmatisms using partial coherence laser interferometry in patients aged 40 years or above undergoing cataract surgery in a medical college in North-East India. Methods: In a hospital-based cross-sectional study, ocular biometry characteristics such as axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), white-to-white (WTW) diameter, corneal power (K), and corneal astigmatisms (D) of consecutive eligible cataract patients in a medical college in North-East India between January 2015 and December 2017 were determined using the intraocular lens (IOL) master. Height and weight were also measured. Results: A cross-sectional study evaluated ocular biometry characteristics of 641 eyes in 641 eligible patients. The mean age was 64.04 ± 10.81 years. The mean AL, ACD, WTW, corneal power, IOL power, and body mass index (BMI) were 23.34 ± 1.12 mm, 3.12 ± 0.39 mm, 11.92 ± 0.54 mm, 44.41 ± 1.50 diopter (D), 20.53 ± 2.79 D, and 26.12 ± 4.32, respectively. Against-the-rule, with-the-rule, and oblique astigmatisms were 48.4%, 33.2%, and 18.4%, respectively. Corneal astigmatism of ≥1 D was found in 292 eyes (45.55%) and >1.5 D in 182 eyes (28.39%). AL had statistically significant correlation with ACD, WTW, K, IOL power, height and weight but not with age. By multivariate analysis, AL was found to be associated with ACD, WTW, K and IOL power ( P ≤ 0.05). The mean AL was negatively correlated with the mean K (R-square 0.138). Conclusion: This study is likely to provide the initial normative data for ocular biometry values in Indian adults 40 years or above, because such data is lacking in Indians using the IOL master. This will also help ophthalmologists in planning and improving the quality of surgical outcomes in phacoemulsification and phacorefractive surgeries by choosing the appropriate IOL and incision location.

Introduction: Gall bladder (GB) retrieval is an important cause for postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). GB is usually extracted either from the epigastric or the umbilical port and there are limited data to decide the superiority of one over other in terms of postoperative pain. This study was designed to determine whether GB retrieval from the umbilical port was associated with less pain as compared to epigastric port in adult patients undergoing four ports elective LC. Material and Methods: A total of 100 patients took part in the study and were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Postoperatively, port-site pain score was assessed at 1, 6, 12, and 24 h by visual analog scale (VAS) score both for the epigastric and umbilical ports in all the patients and the collected data were analyzed by using SPSS version 22. Result: VAS score for postoperative pain at epigastric port at 1, 6, 12, and 24 h found to be higher as compared to umbilical port (6.640 ± 1.494 vs. 5.500 ± 1.176, 6.620 ± 1.549 vs. 5.320 ± 1.188, 6.100 ± 1.549 vs. 4.660 ± 1.232, 5.250 ± 1.459 vs. 3.970 ± 1.274, respectively) which was statistically significant ( P value 0.001). But the time taken for retrieval of GB was significantly longer in the umbilical group (4.94 ± 1.56 vs. 3.24 ± 1.29). Conclusion: Umbilical port is better as compared to epigastric port for GB retrieval in patient undergoing elective four port LC in terms of postoperative port-site pain but it takes relatively longer time for the extraction.