AimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association of diabetes and diabetes treatment with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.MethodsHistologically confirmed incident cases of postmenopausal breast (N = 916) cancer were recruited from 23 Spanish public hospitals. Population-based controls (N = 1094) were randomly selected from primary care center lists within the catchment areas of the participant hospitals. ORs (95 % CI) were estimated using mixed-effects logistic regression models, using the recruitment center as a random effect term. Breast tumors were classified into hormone receptor positive (ER+ or PR+), HER2+ and triple negative (TN).ResultsDiabetes was not associated with the overall risk of breast cancer (OR 1.09; 95 % CI 0.82–1.45), and it was only linked to the risk of developing TN tumors: Among 91 women with TN tumors, 18.7 % were diabetic, while the corresponding figure among controls was 9.9 % (OR 2.25; 95 % CI 1.22–4.15). Regarding treatment, results showed that insulin use was more prevalent among diabetic cases (2.5 %) as compared to diabetic controls (0.7 %); OR 2.98; 95 % CI 1.26–7.01. They also showed that, among diabetics, the risk of developing HR+/HER2− tumors decreased with longer metformin use (ORper year 0.89; 95 % CI 0.81–0.99; based on 24 cases and 43 controls).ConclusionThis study reinforces the need to correctly classify breast cancers when studying their association with diabetes. Given the low survival rates in women diagnosed with TN breast tumors and the potential impact of diabetes control on breast cancer prevention, more studies are needed to better characterize this association.
The University stage gives rise to social and personal changes as the independence of the nuclear family and the increased responsibilities that are related to the acquisition and/or consolidation of life styles and habits that may determine the future health status. Inadequate nutrition, a high level of inactivity, risky sexual behavior, abuse of new technologies or starting consumption of legal and illegal drugs, are among the most significant risk behaviors in this phase. In order to know how to set and / or consolidate the habits and lifestyles in the university stage and health effects in the future, to born the uniHcos project. It is a dynamic cohort of university students who join the project during the first academic year and will be followed during their stay at college and working life. The follow-up will be biennially and for the capture and the information collection will be used on-line technologies. This paper aims to show the uniHcos project to the scientific community as well as present preliminary results found so far in the two cohorts established since 2011.
It remains unclear whether caffeinated beverages could have deleterious renal effects in elderly population with underlying comorbid conditions. We investigated the associations between coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and 1-year changes in glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a large Spanish cohort of overweight/obese elderly with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This prospective analysis includes 5851 overweight/obese adults (55–75 years) with MetS from the PREDIMED-Plus study. We assessed coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption from a validated food-frequency questionnaire and creatinine-based eGFR using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Multivariate-adjusted regression models were applied to test associations between baseline coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and 1-year eGFR changes. Caffeinated coffee (> 2 cups/day) and tea (at least 1 cup/day) drinkers had 0.88 and 0.93 mL/min/1.73 m2 greater eGFR decrease respectively, compared to those with less than 1 cup/day of coffee consumption or non-tea drinkers. Furthermore, caffeinated coffee consumption of > 2 cups/day was associated with 1.19-fold increased risk of rapid eGFR decline > 3 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI 1.01–1.41). Similarly, individuals in the highest (median, 51.2 mg/day) tertile of caffeine intake had a 0.87 mL/min/1.73 m2 greater eGFR decrease. Decaffeinated coffee was not associated with eGFR changes. In conclusion, higher consumption of caffeinated coffee, tea, and caffeine was associated with a greater 1-year eGFR decline in overweight/obese adults with MetS.
The rapidly increasing use of smart phones with Internet access or data connectivity solutions for laptops is putting the infrastructure of cellular operators under stress. Both the number of devices and the bandwidth requirement are increasing. Indoor usage is also becoming prominent. One envisioned solution is the use of so-called femtocells. Femtocells are portable and lowcost base-stations for in-home usage. They are deployed by endusers and are connected to the operator network by a digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem or optical fiber connection. The femtocells are operated along with the macrocell in a typical two-tier network structure. The regular base stations operate in one tier and the femtocells operate in the other tier. In a shared spectrum configuration, the uncontrolled deployment and loose control of the femtocells generate challenging interference management scenarios. With extensive simulations, we perform an evaluation of several femtocell to femtocell interference scenarios and one macrocell to femtocell scenario. We focus on typical 4G cases, with an orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) physical layer and full frequency reuse. Our results show that without any interference management, system performance is significantly degraded and that complete outages occur in specific cases.
Despite the rapid change in cellular technologies, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) keep a high percentage of their deployed infrastructure using Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) technologies. With about 3.5 billion subscribers, GSM remains as the de facto standard for cellular communications. However, the security criteria envisioned 30 years ago, when the standard was designed, are no longer sufficient to ensure the security and privacy of the users. Furthermore, even with the newest fourth generation (4G) cellular technologies starting to be deployed, these networks could never achieve strong security guarantees because the MNOs keep backwardscompatibility given the huge amount of GSM subscribers. In this paper, we present and describe the tools and necessary steps to perform an active attack against a GSM-compatible network, by exploiting the GSM protocol lack of mutual authentication between the subscribers and the network. The attack consists of a so-called man-in-the-middle attack implementation. By using Software Defined Radio (SDR), open-source libraries and opensource hardware, we setup a fake GSM base station to impersonate the network and therefore eavesdrop any communications that are being routed through it and extract information from their victims. Finally, we point out some implications of the protocol vulnerabilities and how these can not be mitigated in the short term since 4G deployments will take long time to entirely replace the current GSM infrastructure.
LTE systems do not suffer from intra-cell interference, but they are affected by interference coming from adjacent cells. However, most of the research on resource allocation and repetition protocols has not paid attention to the interference case. In this paper, we consider the problem of dynamic resource allocation for IR-HARQ schemes under the presence of interference. We consider resource allocation by means of rate and physical dimensions adaptation in each HARQ round. We provide a mathematical framework that can be applied for the analysis of heterogeneous networks. Rather than performing extensive simulations, we take an information theoretic approach to derive analytical expressions that represent the long-term throughput of the network and we consider distributed resource allocation policies. Our policies are applicable for both the uplink and downlink channels.
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