<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. HCC cases are two to four times more common in males than in females, and the highest incidence is found in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. This gender disparity is the result of different behavioral risk factors, such as smoking and drinking alcohol. Glutathione S-Transferase P1 (GSTP1) is an enzyme that is involved in the detoxification of carcinogenic electrophiles. GSTP1 codon 105 in exon 5 and codon 114 in exon 6 polymorphisms result in decreased enzyme detoxification activity, which is the cause of many cancers. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study aims to investigate the associations between GSTP1 polymorphism, HCC patients, and the risk factors for HCC. It is hoped that this research will provide useful knowledge on the effects of genetic GSTP1 polymorphism in Thai HCC patients. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> DNA from 44 Thai HCC patients and 52 healthy controls was analyzed for GSTP1 exon 5 and exon 6 polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP. The associations between GSTP1 polymorphism, the control group, and clinicopathological parameters were determined. <b><i>Results:</i></b>The results show that GSTP1 exon 6 polymorphism genotypes (C/T) were correlated with an increased risk of HCC susceptibility (OR = 4.40). Moreover, exon 6 polymorphism genotypes (C/T) were associated with the gender of patients (<i>p</i> = 0.015), but no relationships were found between GSTP1 exon 5 polymorphism and the clinicopathological data of patients. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The results suggest that the GSTP1 exon 6 polymorphism genotype was associated with an increase in the risk of HCC in male patients and that it tended to be related to cancer differentiation. No association was found between GSTP1 exon 5 polymorphism and the risk of HCC.
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy found throughout the world that most often occurs in males. The cancer is associated with many risk factors such as viral infection, cirrhosis, alcohol, smoking, and fungal toxins. GSTM1 and GSTT1 are detoxification enzymes activated by the cleansing of carcinogenic compounds. Low DNA copy numbers of Glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 result in a loss of enzyme activity, which causes carcinogenesis factors. DNA copy number variants (CNVs) were determined to compare the differences between the frequencies of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in a control group and patients. Then, the association of these genes with the pathological/survival status of HCC patients was investigated. Methods: Forty-nine Thai HCC patients' DNA and the genomic DNA of 66 healthy controls were investigated for GSTM1 and GSTT1 CNVs by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, the correlations between GSTM1 and GSTT1 patients' CNVs, the control group, and clinico-pathological parameters were determined. Results: The results show that were no differences between the CNVs of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in the controls and patients (P≥0.05). Only GSTT1 genotypes 0/0 correlated to an increase in the risk of hepatocellular carcinogenesis (OR value was 1.88). GSTM1 CNVs were associated with the gender of patients (P=0.002). However, no correlations were found between GSTT1 CNVs and any of the clinico-pathological parameters. Conclusions: The results suggest that only GSTT1 CNVs are associated with increased risk factors of HCC in Thais. GSTM1 copy numbers had a dominant correlation with female HCC patients.
Background: Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) promoter hypermethylation implicated in breast cancer development through Wnt signaling pathway, hypermethylation may result in inactivation of APC expression. This study aimed to investigated whether hypermethylation of APC promoter, the aggressive behavior of breast cancer cells, and correlated them with clinicopathological parameters and survival. Methods: Sixty-one fresh tissues of breast tumor were evaluated for APC promoter hypermethylation with methylation-specific PCR techniques (MS-PCR) and APC mRNA expression level analysis by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Results: Our results show aberrant APC hypermethylation status was founded in 27 of 61 cases (44%), and significantly associated with chemotherapy treatment (OR= 6.9, 95%CI=1.5-31.01, P = 0.01), distant metastasis (OR = 5.52, 95%CI = 1.27-24.08, P = 0.04) as well as APC methylated status also associated with shorter overall survival than those without (8.4 and 11.0 years respectively, P = 0.02). Conclusion: The findings indicated hypermethylation of APC promoter may be used as a useful prognostic biomarker in breast cancer patients.
Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) is the main antioxidant enzyme in plasma. Its biological roles are to protect cells from oxidative stress-induced damage. Several studies have been reported the association between GPX3 expression and its correlation with cancer carcinogenesis including breast cancer. The aim of this research was to investigate the GPX3 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in 82 breast tumors and paired normal breast tissues by SYBR green quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the association with clinicopathological data. Our results show that GPX3 reduced expression was found significantly associated with number of metastatic lymph nodes (odds ratio [OR] = 3.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.35–8.64, p = 0.01), no distant metastasis (OR = 5.52, 95% CI = 3.74–11.89, p = 0.04), and nonhormone usage breast cancer patients (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.04–0.93, p = 0.04). This finding suggested that GPX3 plays a role in breast carcinogenesis, and might serve as a prognostic biomarker in breast cancer patients.
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