This study was completed with the aim of determining work efficiencies, labour requirement, and total cost of second fodder corn silage agricultural enterprises on flat ground in Bafra district of Samsun province. According to the results, total variable and fixed costs were calculated 2827.80 TL ha-1 and 4224.60 TL ha-1. The shares of variable and fixed costs in total production costs were determined 40.10% and 59.90%, respectively. Land hire had 24.70% as the highest share in fixed costs while the highest share for variable costs were observed in fertilization (10.30%) and spraying (7.00%). The highest and the lowest unit of labour requirements (units of human labour power, h ha–1) were obtained for harvesting processes (4.28 h ha-1) and spraying (2.35 h ha-1), respectively. In terms of work efficiencies, the best value was determined (0.53 ha h-1) for the transporting processes.
This study was completed with the aim of determining labor requirements, work efficiencies, and total costs of 6 different traditional hazelnut pickup methods, along with 3 different mechanical harvest methods using a portable-type pneumatic hazelnut harvesting machine, on flat ground in two hazelnut orchards with linear and brush planting systems. Trials were conducted in the two different orchards in the August 2013 harvesting season. Among traditional pickup methods, the lowest unit of human labor requirements (units of human labor power, h ha-1) in an orchard with a linear planting system was obtained (180.17 h ha-1) for the method involving Ethrel administration, hand-shaking, and rows gathered by garden rake (first method). For the brush-planting system orchard, the lowest value (157.39 h ha-1) was obtained with the method with no Ethrel administration, hand-shaking, and rows gathered by scrub rake (fourth method). In terms of work efficiencies, the best values were obtained (0.0056 ha h-1) for the first method for the linear system and for the third method for the brush system (0.0058 ha h-1). In terms of time utilization coefficient, the different pickup methods with the hazelnut harvesting machine obtained lower levels compared to the different traditional hazelnut pickup methods. In trials of different methods of traditional pickup , the lowest value for total harvest costs was obtained for the method with Ethrel administered and rows gathered by garden rake in the linear system (first method) (6666.29 Turkish lira (TL) ha-1). For the brushplanting system the lowest value was for the fourth method with 5283.43 TL ha-1. In the brush-planting system with the mechanical pickup method, the lowest value was 1637.42 TL ha-1 for the pickup method with rows gathered by garden rake (third method). Amounts of hazelnuts obtained per unit of time for traditional methods were 5.25 kg h-1 for the first method in linear planting and 4.49 kg h-1 for the third method in the brush-planting system. For hazelnut harvesting machine pickup , the amount was 35.40 kg h-1 for pickup with rows gathered by garden rake (third method). Accordingly, the hazelnut harvesting machine can collect the amount that 6.74 people can collect traditionally.
ÖZET: Meyve üretiminde iş gücünün büyük bir bölümü hasat işlemlerinde harcanmaktadır. Dünya meyveciliğinin yoğun bir gelişme süreci içerisine girmesi ve genelde işçi ücretlerinin büyük artışlar göstermesi tarımın bu kolunda hasat işlerinin makine ile yapılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Son yıllarda, meyvecilik alanlarının genişlemesi ve büyük ticari bahçelerin kurulmasına paralel olarak mekanik hasada duyulan ilgi artmaktadır. Mekanik yolla hasat iş gücü gereksinimi ve hasat masraflarının azaltılabilmesi açısından önemlidir. Mekanik hasatta ağaç türlerine bağlı olarak farklı çalışma prensiplerine sahip olan silkeleyiciler kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bazı meyve ağaçlarının mekanik olarak hasat edilmesinde uygulanan farklı silkeleyiciler ve silkeleme yöntemleri hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Anahtar sözcükler: Mekanik hasat, silkeleyiciler, meyve ağaçları, silkeleme yöntemleri ANALYZING SOME SHAKERS AND SHAKING METHODS USED IN MECHANICAL HARVESTING OF SOME FRUIT TREESABSTRACT: Most of the agricultural labour is spend in harvesting facilities in fruit production. Rapid development of world fruit production and excess increases in labour costs force mechanical harvesting in this sector of agriculture. During recent years, there has been a common interest in mechanical harvesting due to expansion of the fruit production areas and also establishment of large commercial orchards. Mechanical harvesting is important in terms of decreasing labour requirements and harvesting costs. Shakers with various kinds of working principles developed according to tree species are used in mechanical harvesting. In this review, it was aimed to give some knowledge about different shaking methods and shakers used in mechanical harvesting of some fruit trees.
Mechanical properties provide information to design and develop suitable machines (equipment) for processing, transporting, and conveying chestnuts. Four chestnut cultivars that have not been studied before were investigated in the study carried out for this purpose. Some engineering properties of Macit 55, Akyüz, Ali Nihat, and Bouche de Betizac chestnut cultivars were determined and compared. The mechanical properties were determined by rupture force, rupture energy, deformation, and firmness values. The friction coefficients of chestnut varieties on a galvanized sheet, stainless steel, and rubber surfaces were investigated. Mechanical properties were determined using a Universal Testing Machine. The values obtained from the samples were obtained by compression between the parallel plate along the X, Y, and Z axes. For the static friction coefficient, while the galvanized sheet surface had the lowest value (0.145), the rubber surface had the highest value (0.212). For rupture forces, the force required to break the chestnut at the Z loading axis position (714.09 N) was higher than the required force at the Y loading axis position (396.35 N) of the fruit.
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