The goal of this study is to explain Emile Durkheim's and Robert King Merton's social anomie. Durkheim and Merton are the two prominent sociologists of functionalist tradition. American sociologist Merton is accepted as the successor of European Sociologist Durkheim in this tradition. Merton examines the works of Durkheim by accepting, criticizing, finding the gaps, and/or offering new thoughts/notions. Social anomie is one of the most well-known notions among them. Their introduction of social anomie into sociological knowledge has also become stepping stones for many contemporary researchers in literature. Social anomie was first mentioned and discussed in "Suicide" by Durkheim and in "Social Structure and Anomie" by Merton. In this regard, this study aims at tracing the influence of Durkheim on Merton in the explanation of social anomie. Finally, this paper sheds light on the social anomie from the perspective of these two philosophers and provides a thorough analysis of the concept.
Aim Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome is an extremely advanced form of preeclampsia. Currently, there is no parameter or marker to predict this syndrome; however, it is emphasized that vascular endothelial damage and abnormal immune responses can be the possible etiologies of HELLP syndrome. It is known that human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a protease inhibitor and previous studies have shown that HE4 protein levels are increased in many malignancies and inflammatory conditions. Considering that metalloproteinases may also play a role in endothelial damage, which is thought to be involved in the etiopathogenesis of HELLP syndrome, we thought that HE4 protein, which is a protease inhibitor, may be associated with vascular damage. We aimed to investigate the relationship between HELLP syndrome and HE4 protein and to identify a biomarker that can be utilized in the diagnosis of HELLP syndrome. Study Design In this study, 40 patients with HELLP syndrome and 40 healthy pregnant women with similar characteristics without HELLP syndrome were compared. Results When the results were evaluated, no statistically significant difference was found between serum HE4 protein levels in patients with HELLP syndrome and patients without HELLP syndrome in this study (p: 0.29). Conclusion HE4 protein has no field of use in obstetrics yet. In our study, we aimed to find a new biomarker to identify patients with HELLP syndrome. However, we could not find any statistically significant difference in terms of HE4 protein levels between patients with and without HELLP syndrome. Our study is an important study as it is the first study aiming to use HE4 protein in obstetrics.
In this study, we estimated a model of youth violent victimization and delinquent offending in Turkey using the subculture of violence thesis. Specifically, we employed adherence to street code and risky lifestyle measures to understand the relationship between these factors and the odds of youth violent victimization and the incidence rate ratio of delinquent offending, controlling for social ties such as family and peer-related measures and demographics, in a sample of 2627 students from 18 schools in Bagcilar county of Istanbul, Turkey. Moreover, we also explored the mediation and moderation effects among adherence to street culture and lifestyle measures. We found that risky lifestyle corresponds with higher odds of victimization and a higher incidence rate ratio of offending. Moreover, we found that adherence to street code has direct and indirect effects on offending, but it has only an indirect effect on victimization. In other words, lifestyle measures fully mediated the effect of street culture on victimization. Finally, we also found moderation effects of adherence to street culture on the relationship between lifestyle, victimization, and delinquent offending. Implications of our findings are discussed.
Marx's distinction between socialism and communism is the subject of this study. Even though socialism and communism terms existed before Marx, they are generally remembered with Marx. From his perspective, socialism and communism was comprehensively handled and compared in the paper. Since it is essential to talk about it while discussing the distinction between socialism and communism, the dictatorship of the proletariat that is a political transition period is also explained in this study. Communism has two phases. The first or lower phase of communism is called as socialism that is the phase between capitalism and communism. The second or higher phase of communism is the perfect stage. There is no inequality or injustice in this stage. Communist society is classless society where products are delivered according to individuals needs. Implications were discussed in the work. Without three of the all sources, only Marx's own works were used during the examination of socialism and communism.
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