Gummosis is one of the most common and destructive diseases threatening global peach (Prunus persica) production. Our previous studies have revealed that ethylene and methyl-jasmonate enhance peach susceptibility to Lasiodiplodia theobromae, a virulent pathogen inducing gummosis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, two ethylene response factors, PpERF98 and PpERF1, were identified as negative regulators in peach response to L. theobromae infection. Expression of two putative paralogs, PpERF98-1/2, was dramatically induced by ethylene and L. theobromae treatments and accumulated highly in the gummosis-sensitive cultivar. Silencing of PpERF98-1/2 increased salicylic acid (SA) content and pathogenesis-related genes PpPR1 and PpPR2 transcripts, conferring peach resistance to L. theobromae, whereas peach and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants overexpressing either of PpERF98-1/2 showed opposite changes. Also, jasmonic acid markedly accumulated in PpERF98-1/2-silenced plants, but reduction in PpPR3, PpPR4, and PpCHI (Chitinase) transcripts indicated a blocked signaling pathway. PpERF98-1/2 were further demonstrated to directly bind the promoters of two putative paralogous PpERF1 genes and to activate the ERF branch of the jasmonate/ethylene signaling pathway, thus attenuating SA-dependent defenses. The lesion phenotypes of peach seedlings overexpressing PpERF1-1/2 and PpERF98-1/2 were similar. Furthermore, PpERF98-1/2 formed homo-/hetero-dimers and interacted with the two PpERF1 proteins to amplify the jasmonate/ethylene signaling pathway, as larger lesions were observed in peach plants co-overexpressing PpERF98 with PpERF1 relative to individual PpERF98 overexpression. Overall, our work deciphers an important regulatory network of ethylene-mediated peach susceptibility to L. theobromae based on a PpERF98-PpERF1 transcriptional cascade, which could be utilized as a potential target for genetic engineering to augment protection against L. theobromae-mediated diseases in crops and trees.
The rotary steerable system is essential for the development of unconventional oil and gas in China, and remains the core of the current oil drilling technology development. This paper outlines the research and development history, classification, development status of the rotary steerable system, and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different systems. Moreover, the prospects of the intelligent RSS technology is explored, and the outlook for the future development of the steerable drilling technology is presented.
The rotary steerable system is critical drilling equipment urgently needed in the development of unconventional oil and gas fields in China. It is still a significant but unavailable technology for China’s petroleum industry. With the high demand for rotary steerable system in unconventional oil and gas development, this paper studies RSS tools from major oilfield service companies. Different tools from major oilfield service companies and their technical specifications were studied. Firstly, the development history of the rotary steerable system is introduced, and the tools are then classified into different categories based on control and biasing methodologies. The key technical parameters of the RSS were compared and analyzed. Moreover, a detailed comparison of the 475, 675 and 900 series of tools has been carried out. The current development focuses of rotary steerable tools include high dogleg severity, high temperature and high pressure and integrated navigation scheme with inertial and magnetic methods. Finally, the development trends of the RSS were forecasted. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview and latest development of the rotary steerable system for developer, operation and maintenance population in the drilling industry.
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