We showed that when IGF-II is highly expressed in breast tissues and cell lines the IGF-1 receptor signaling pathway is highly activated. Since IGF-II activates the insulin receptor (INSR), we propose that the INSR signaling is also activated in this system. We examined the expression of both INSR isoforms, INSR-A, INSR-B, and the downstream signaling pathways in breast cancer cells and in paired (normal/tumor) breast tissues from 100 patients. Analysis was performed by Real Time-PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and Phospho-ELISA techniques. Tumor tissues and cell lines from African American patients (AA) expressed higher levels of INSR-A, but lower levels of INSR-B. In accordance, IRS-1 and FAK activation were significantly increased in these women. We conclude that higher INSR-A and lower INSR-B contributes to higher proliferation and lower metabolic response. Thus, differential expression of INSR isoforms represents a potential biological link between breast cancer and diabetes.
To investigate characteristics of atmospheric particulate matters on meteorological change; To investigate characteristics of change in indicative metal elements of fireworks in PM2.5 and To identify how heavy metal elements affect human health during Spring Festival in Chengdu, China in 2017. Materials and Methods Measurement of the area and site The city of Chengdu is located west of Sichuan Basin, bordered by Longmen Mountain and Qionglai Mountain, sitting on the transition zone between Chengdu Plain and the Hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin and covering an area of 12121 km 2. Monitoring equipment was installed at the roof of the seven-storey Huanbao Building, No.8, Fanglin Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu (Coordinates: 30.66°N,
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.